Conclusion on Behalf of #BlackLivesMatter Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda Prosecutor Office of the Prosecutor ICC International Criminal Court The, Hague, Netherlands

Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda on the factual basis of (Co) perpetrator Slave Negro James E. Graves, Jr. UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE PARTY TO THE COMMON DESIGN OR CONSPIRACY~. Of manipulation of Judicial Court Decree, abuse of power RICO to conceal, scuttled, and destroy all records pertaining to a Not ratified (USA) 13^th Amendment Constitution of hostile “whites supremacy” domination criminal Slave Owners” by (Co) perpetrator “United States of America” et al against the lives of said “Slaves” 44.5 Million #BlackLivesMatter being member of the (ICC) International Criminal Court Prosecutor complaint supporting all of the defendant herein, acting pursuant to a common design, unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly did conspire with

(Co) perpetrator Slave Negro James E. Graves, Jr. UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE PARTY TO THE COMMON DESIGN OR CONSPIRACY~. Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda on the factual basis of  On or about the “August” 09 2017 No. 17- 40804 BLACKLIVESMATTER v. Donald Trump, Sr. USDC No. 3: 17-MC-3 Signed by “Roeshawn A. Johnson, Deputy Clerk 504-310-7998 Cc: Mr. David J Bradley

Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda on the factual basis of On August 9th 2017 United States of Appeals Court, requesting in “connection with this “Appeal” in the case on behalf of “Black Lives Matter”, decision of this Court which holds that a Corporation is a fictional legal entity which can be represented only by a licensed counsel and cannot be represent by an officer of the “corporation who is not an “attorney”. See In Re K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5th Cir 1981) therefore, unless you are an attorney licensed to practice before this Court, you may not represent this party in this appeal. Please notify this office within 15 days of this date whether you will be retaining counsel to represent this party, or you may file a motion advising why the cited authority does not preclude you from representation.
Failure to comply will result in dismissal of the appeal on behalf of the party name above.

As stated Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda on the factual basis of filed before the “Manipulated Federal Hostile Government records  First and foremost to United States of Appeals Court Fifth Circuit and Before the Court Slave Negro U.S. Judge George C. Hanks, Jr. with the (1800s Colonial Harvard and Duke Law degrees) pursuant to the 13th Amendment of Mississippi Constitution based solely upon

The allegations of the See In Re K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5th Cir 1981), the Court is Fraudulent “once again” in this Colonial America rules of Laws,Pursuant to Rule 12(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”), 44.5 Million Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” moved to strike the following:
K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5th Cir 1981),United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit Manzoor A. MEMON;  et al., Plaintiffs, Memon Corporation Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ALLIED DOMECQ QSR;  et al., Defendants, Baskin-Robbins Incorporated;  Baskin-Robbins USA Co., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 04-20064 Decided: September 17, 2004 Before KING, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges. Greggory Scott Williams, Houston, TX, for Plaintiff-Appellant. Jeffrey L. Karlin, Roland B. Ninomiya, Schmeltzer, Aptker & Shepard, Washington, DC, for Defendants-Appellees.

Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda on the factual basis of “Undated And assumed Seal Records” No. 17-40804 not being “Publised” only fake records involving Pro Se Plaintiff filing Civil actions against the Russia Federation President Putin, aamong other manipulation as described before (ICC) Presctor office;

Order of the Court: IT IS ORDERED that the appellant’s motion to substitute appellant, BLACKLIVESMATTER, with himself, Louis Charles Hamilton, II is GRANTED. “signed” James E. Graves Jr. UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE, which this Occurred in the “First Week of August, thereby “following further orders of the “Court” as follows, Appeal Case No. 17 – 40068 Louis Charles Hamilton II v. Donald Trump, Sr. USDC No. 3: 16-MC-16 September 5^th 2017 having dismissed all claims against Donald John Trump Sr. “Fully” destroyed all records excerpts, and further continue utter false forgery counterfeit birth records of “pro se plaintiff” Hamilton two missing daughters, while James E. Graves Jr. UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE

Case No. 17-40280 Document: 00514042718 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/21/2017 “Petitioner for a Writ of Mandamus “ before Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges. Having ruled “Moot” against Slave James E. Graves Jr. UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE, on all evideance filed he in factual #BlackLivesMatter born a Slave, whom just being a criminal party to destroyed all records excerpts, material facts, and further continue utter false forgery legal briefs of pro se counsel of records,. Being “Filed” attached exhibits, further Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda on the factual basis of (Co) perpetrator Slave Negro James E. Graves, Jr. UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE PARTY TO THE COMMON DESIGN OR CONSPIRACY~. Counsel of record #BlackLivesMatter filed reply to Fifth Circuit Court of Apppeals Before the Court Slave Negro U.S. Judge George C. Hanks, Jr. Pro Se Counsel of Record motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 on “Appeal” to Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, “Plaintiffs “Black Lives Matter” vs. Donald John Trump Sr. 45^th President et al,

                                    Background for the Confused

On August 9^th 2017 United States of Appeals Court, requesting in “connection with this “Appeal” in the case on behalf of “Black Lives Matter”, decision of this Court which holds that a Corporation is a fictional legal entity which can be represented only by a licensed counsel and cannot be represent by an officer of the “corporation who is not an “attorney”. See In Re K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5^th Cir 1981) therefore, unless you are an attorney licensed to practice before this Court, you may

not represent this party in this appeal. Please notify this office within 15 days of this date whether you will be retaining counsel to represent this party, or you may file a motion advising why the cited authority does not preclude you from representation.

Failure to comply will result in dismissal of the appeal on behalf of the party name above. First and foremost to United States of Appeals Court Fifth Circuit and Before the Court Slave Negro U.S. Judge George C. Hanks, Jr. with the (1800s Colonial Harvard and Duke Law degrees) pursuant to the 13^th Amendment of Mississippi Constitution based solely upon

The allegations of the See In Re K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5^th Cir 1981), the Court is Fraudulent “once again” in this Colonial America rules of Laws,

Pursuant to Rule 12(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”), 44.5 Million Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” moved to strike the following:

                        K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5^th Cir 1981),

                         United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit

Manzoor A. MEMON;  et al., Plaintiffs, Memon Corporation Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ALLIED DOMECQ QSR;  et al., Defendants, Baskin-Robbins Incorporated;  Baskin-Robbins USA Co., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 04-20064  Decided: September 17, 2004 Before KING, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.

Greggory Scott Williams, Houston, TX, for Plaintiff-Appellant. Jeffrey L. Karlin, Roland B. Ninomiya, Schmeltzer, Aptker & Shepard, Washington, DC, for Defendants-Appellees.

Plaintiff-Appellant Memon Corporation Inc. (“Memon Corp.”) appeals from the district court's grant of Defendants-Appellees' motion to dismiss and the district court's denial of Memon Corp.'s motion for new trial or relief from judgment under Rule 60(b).  For the following reasons, we REVERSE the district court's order insofar as it dismissed Memon Corp.'s suit and REMAND for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

On April 24, 2003, Manzoor Memon, an officer of Memon Corp., filed a pro se complaint in Texas state court against Allied Domecq QSR.¹  The complaint raised a number of claims arising out of Memon Corp.'s operation of a Baskin-Robbins ice cream franchise, including breach of the franchise agreement, conspiracy, fraud, and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing.   Manzoor Memon (“Mr. Memon”) is not a licensed attorney, but he nevertheless brought the suit on behalf of himself, his brother and sister-in-law (Aamir H. Memon and Sanam A. Memon), and the family's corporation (Memon Corp.).

Baskin-Robbins timely removed the case to federal district court.

  On June 11, 2003, Baskin-Robbins moved under Rule 12(b)(6) to dismiss Mr. Memon's claims for lack of standing because he was not a party to the franchise agreement and to dismiss his siblings' and Memon Corp.'s claims on the grounds that they were improperly represented by Mr. Memon, a non-lawyer.

On October 15, 2003, without having filed a response to defendant's motion to dismiss, Mr. Memon moved the district court to dismiss the case without prejudice.   At an October 22 scheduling conference, Mr. Memon requested that the judge rule on his motion to dismiss without prejudice.  

 When asked by the district judge why he so moved, Mr. Memon replied that he lacked funds to hire an attorney.   The judge promptly denied Mr. Memon's motion orally and set the case for trial.   In response to the ruling, Mr. Memon asked the judge, “Can I get an attorney?”   The judge replied, “I can't practice law so I can't advise you on that.”

Eight days later, on October 30, 2003, the district court granted Baskin-Robbins's 12(b)(6) motion, finding that Mr. Memon lacked standing and that the other named plaintiffs, including Memon Corp., were impermissibly represented by a non-lawyer.   The district judge had never ordered Memon Corp. to retain an attorney nor had he admonished the plaintiffs that Memon Corp. could not proceed without an attorney.

Soon after the dismissal, Memon Corp. hired an attorney and filed a motion for new trial or, alternatively, a motion for relief from final judgment under Rule 60(b).  The district court denied the motion.   Memon Corp., now represented by counsel, appeals the grant of the motion to dismiss and the denial of the motion for new trial or relief from judgment.²

II. DISCUSSION

We review dismissals under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo.  Gregson v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 322 F.3d 883, 885 (5th Cir.2003).   Further, this court accepts “all well-pleaded facts as true, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”  Jones v. Greninger, 188 F.3d 322, 324 (5th Cir.1999).  “Thus, the court should not dismiss [a] claim unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any set of facts or any possible theory that [it] could prove consistent with the allegations in the complaint.”   Id.

 Memon Corp. asserts that de novo review is inappropriate, arguing that Rule 12(b)(6) was not the proper procedural vehicle through which to challenge its lack of legal representation.   Instead, Memon Corp. argues that this court should review the motion to dismiss under the same abuse-of-discretion standard under which we would review a Rule 41(b) involuntary dismissal.³  Memon Corp.'s objection is well taken, as no precedent exists for dismissing under Rule 12(b)(6) on these grounds,⁴ and the appropriate measure for a judge to take when confronted with an unrepresented corporation is inherently discretionary.⁵  Noting the lack of clarity surrounding the proper procedure (and the corresponding standard of review),

We find that we need not decide the proper standard of review, as we would reverse the district court under either standard. Memon Corp. does not deny the well-settled rule of law that a corporation cannot appear in federal court unless represented by a licensed attorney.   See, e.g., Rowland v. California Men's Colony, 506 U.S. 194, 202, 113 S.Ct. 716, 121 L.Ed.2d 656 (1993) (“the lower courts have uniformly held that 28 U.S.C. § 1654 ․ does not allow corporations, partnerships, or associations to appear in federal court otherwise than by licensed counsel”);  

Southwest Express Co. v. ICC, 670 F.2d 53, 55 (5th Cir.1982).   Although 28 U.S.C. § 1654 authorizes individuals to appear in federal courts pro se, the statute is silent regarding corporations.   The lack of authorization in § 1654 has been interpreted as barring corporations from appearing in federal court without an attorney.  Rowland, 506 U.S. at 202, 113 S.Ct. 716.

 Memon Corp. argues, however, that the district court erred in dismissing its claims with prejudice.⁶  We agree.   This court has consistently recognized “that dismissal with prejudice is an extreme sanction that deprives a litigant of the opportunity to pursue his claim.”  

 Callip v. Harris County Child Welfare Dep't, 757 F.2d 1513, 1519 (5th Cir.1985) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting McGowan v. Faulkner Concrete Pipe Co., 659 F.2d 554, 556 (5th Cir.1981)).   Dismissal with prejudice was too extreme a sanction in this instance.

In virtually every case in which a district court dismissed the claims (or struck the pleadings) of a corporation that appeared without counsel, the court expressly warned the corporation that it must retain counsel or formally ordered it to do so before dismissing the case.   See, e.g., Donovan v. Road Rangers Country Junction, Inc., 736 F.2d 1004, 1005 (5th Cir.1984) (per curiam);  K.M.A., Inc., 652 F.2d at 399 ;  D-Beam Ltd. P'ship v. Roller Derby Skates, Inc., 366 F.3d 972, 973 (9th Cir.2004).   Other courts have dismissed such cases without prejudice, allowing the corporation to re-file after acquiring a lawyer.   See, e.g., Capital Group, Inc. v. Gaston & Snow, 768 F.Supp. 264, 265-66 (E.D.Wis.1991).

The district judge never admonished Memon Corp. that it was required to hire an attorney (or ordered it to do so) before he dismissed the case with prejudice.   We do not agree with Baskin-Robbins's assertion that the following dialogue during the October 22 scheduling conference constituted sufficient warning from the court:

The Court:  [Y]ou also have a motion to dismiss;  is that correct?

Counsel for Baskin-Robbins:  That's correct, Your Honor.

The Court:  All right.   We're working on that.   All right.   If you know what I mean.   All right?

Counsel for Baskin-Robbins:  Okay.

The Court:  Now, we're just going to set a scheduling order today.   All right?   It may or may not go away, but right now we're here to set a scheduling order.   You understand Mr. Memon?

Mr. Memon:  Yes, sir.

We cannot accept that the judge's statement that “[i]t may or may not go away” in the midst of this exchange adequately admonished Mr. Memon that the court would soon dismiss the case with prejudice unless Memon Corp. retained counsel.

Although Baskin-Robbins's motion to dismiss had been pending for nearly four months, Mr. Memon apparently believed that his own motion to dismiss without prejudice obviated the need to respond to Baskin-Robbins's motion.⁷  We do not see how Memon Corp.'s failure to respond to the motion to dismiss would justify dismissal with prejudice in this instance.   See Rogers v. Kroger Co., 669 F.2d 317, 320 (5th Cir.1982) (reversing district court's dismissal with prejudice under Rule 41(b) for failure to prosecute;  noting that dismissal with prejudice is “reserved for the most egregious of cases”).

Moreover, we find the colloquy between the district judge and Mr. Memon especially important.   After the district court denied Mr. Memon's motion to dismiss without prejudice, the following exchange occurred:

The Court:  At this time we stand adjourned.   The case is still going on, sir.   Okay.  You understand that?

Mr. Memon:  Can I get an attorney?

The Court:  What?

Mr. Memon:  Am I allowed to-

The Court:  I can't practice law so I can't advise you on that.   All right.   Off the record.

This conversation casts sufficient doubt on Baskin-Robbins's contention that Mr. Memon knew that he needed either to hire a lawyer or face dismissal with prejudice.   Eight days later, without providing any warning to Memon Corp., the district court dismissed with prejudice.   Under these particular facts, this was error.

Finally, because we have determined that the district court erred in dismissing Memon Corp.'s claims with prejudice, we need not reach the question of Memon Corp.'s motion for new trial or relief from judgment pursuant to Rule 60(b).

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court insofar as it dismissed Memon Corp.'s case with prejudice and REMAND for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

FOOTNOTES

1.   On June 11, 2003, Allied Domecq filed a Rule 21 motion to substitute as defendants Baskin-Robbins Incorporated and Baskin-Robbins USA, Co. (collectively “Baskin-Robbins”).   The district court granted the motion on October 30, 2003.   For the purpose of convenience, we therefore refer to the defendants below as Baskin-Robbins.

2.   Neither Mr. Memon nor his siblings appeal the district court's judgment dismissing their individual claims.

3.   We affirm dismissals with prejudice under Rule 41(b) “only upon a showing of a clear record of delay or contumacious conduct by the plaintiff” and “where lesser sanctions would not serve the best interest of justice.”  Dorsey v. Scott Wetzel Serv., Inc., 84 F.3d 170, 171 (5th Cir.1996) (per curiam) (quoting Salinas v. Sun Oil Co., 819 F.2d 105, 106 (5th Cir.1987)).

4.   Memon Corp. correctly observes that most courts resolving claims by unrepresented corporations do not identify the source of their authority.   See, e.g., K.M.A., Inc. v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp. (In re K.M.A., Inc.), 652 F.2d 398, 399 (5th Cir.1981);  Palazzo v. Gulf Oil Corp., 764 F.2d 1381, 1384-86 (11th Cir.1985).   Some courts have specified that Rule 41(b) authorizes dismissal under such circumstances.   E.g., Transportes Aereos de Angola v. Ronair, Inc., 104 F.R.D. 482, 504-05 (D.Del.1985).   Those cases, however, involved instances in which the litigant failed to comply with a court order to retain counsel or a local rule requiring representation.   See id.;   see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b) (“For failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or to comply with these rules or any order of court, a defendant may move for dismissal of an action or of any claim against the defendant.”).   Neither is the case here, making Rule 41(b) inapplicable.   As we discuss below, the only authority for dismissing a corporation for failure to retain counsel, absent a court order or local rule, appears to be based on a judicial interpretation of 28 U.S.C. § 1654.   See Rowland v. California Men's Colony, 506 U.S. 194, 202, 113 S.Ct. 716, 121 L.Ed.2d 656 (1993);  Palazzo, 764 F.2d at 1384-86.

5.   As explained below, the judge might, inter alia, admonish the corporation that it cannot proceed without counsel, order the corporation to retain counsel within a certain period of time (the appropriate amount of time also being within the judge's discretion), or dismiss the case without prejudice and allow the corporation to re-file.

6.   Although the dismissal order in this case did not specify whether it was with or without prejudice, the order constituted a dismissal with prejudice.   See Hall v. Tower Land & Inv. Co., 512 F.2d 481, 483 (5th Cir.1975) (noting that the grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim constitutes a judgment on the merits, even if it fails to indicate that it is a dismissal with prejudice);  Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(b) ( “Unless the court in its order for dismissal otherwise specifies, a dismissal under this subdivision and any dismissal not provided for in this rule, other than a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, for improper venue, or for failure to join a party under Rule 19, operates as an adjudication upon the merits.” (emphasis added)).

7.   We note that this belief was not unreasonable, since Baskin-Robbins had not filed an answer or a motion for summary judgment.   See Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a) (“[A]n action may be dismissed by the plaintiff without order of court ․ by filing a notice of dismissal at any time before service by the adverse party of an answer or of a motion for summary judgment, whichever first occurs․”);  9 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2363, at 259 (2d ed. 1995) (“[A] motion to dismiss under Rule 12 does not terminate the right of dismissal by notice.”).

PER CURIAM:

         44.5 Million Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” Affirmed that:

                                                1.

K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5^th Cir 1981), United States of America did not exist, till precisely February 7^th 2013 all (50) States became a “Union” as defined by Law. *See exhibit A attached herein to “Probable Cause” and for the direct issue of said ARREST WARRANT(s) for Defendant Haley Reeves Barbour 63rd Governor of Defendant Mississippi, from 2004 to 2012

Defendant Haley Reeves Barbour American politician, lobbyist, and member of the Republican GOP Party who served as the 63rd Governor of Mississippi, from 2004 to 2012, being official (8) years within the Jurisdiction of defendant “United States of America” RICO criminal endeavor includes, maintaining, securing, possession, custody and control to

 Kept 44.5 Million (plus) DNA Negro Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter as Living 1800s Continue Century living  “Slaves”  and physical property of (USA) as a “whole until Defendant State of Mississippi Ratified the 13^th Amendment of 1865 as define and

“Outlaw” Slavery Servitude” on the legal “behalf interest” of  the Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” which this never occurred for (8) years, as the 13^th amendments not fully complete and ratified back in 1865, as co-defendant “State of Mississippi”, “very plain” factual allegations base on actual government records for federal question jurisdiction being the

 “Plaintiffs 44.5 Million legal inquiries of the complaint, which the Court has no choice but to accept as true base upon the statutory requirement grounded in the “13^th amendment

"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction" Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on

December 6, 1865, as “Formally abolishing slavery in defendant “United States of America” by original Defendant State of Mississippi et al

Defendant Haley Reeves Barbour 63rd Governor of Mississippi, from 2004 to 2012, being official (8) years within the Jurisdiction of defendant “United States of America” had not ratified the 13^th amendment freeing all “Slaves” which this did not occurred till well in 2013…?

                                                          2.

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and (Especially) Slave Negro U.S. Judge George C. Hanks, Jr (Harvard and Duke Law Degree) and Senior Slave Status Negro U.S. Judge Kenneth M. Hoyt,

“Black Lives Matter” not a (Dam) corporation, which they are “Slaves” demanding freedom from defendant GOP criminal(s) of white slave trading gang still “alive and kicking since 1865, “United States of America holding the entire  “World-Wide” Negro Race held “Captive” as Posted you “Fools” stop playing with the lives of the “entire World DNA Negro Race held hostage by Colonial 1800s Whites Supremacy America still stuck on stupid with their hostile (Nigger Judges), dealing

“Black Codes”, Jim Crow laws, and Never Ending Slavery 1619 August 20^th until (Actually) when Mississippi free all “Slaves” well into 2013 thereby pardon my “French” stop lying You “Crooks at the Crooked Court House,

I am Black and My Dam Life Matters (you pigs) get over your- self at the Courthouse

*See Exhibit A Mississippi 13^th Amendment attached to Case No. 17 – 40280 Plaintiff – Appellant Louis Charles Hamilton II Cmdr. USN #2712 vs. Defendant 45^th Plaintiff – Appellant NOTICE TO STRIKE”  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FIFTH CIRCUIT, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (pursuant) TO:

President Donald John Trump Sr. - Appellees :  “Original Black Lives Matter”, 1619 – 2013 hereby being “Enslaved” Plaintiffs since 1619 – 2013 with direct cause of action for crimes against humanity, before the “International Criminal Court (ICC) as always have no rights “ever” in these White Man Rules while being held “captive”, nor do they apply to the White Man” when being “prosecuted by the same FRCP, which

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people. BLM regularly holds protests against police killings of black people and broader issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system.

In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin. Black Lives Matter became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: Michael Brown, resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, and Eric Garner in New York City.^[1][2] Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody. In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists became involved in the 2016 United States presidential election.^[3] The originators of the hashtag and call to action, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, expanded their project into a national network of over 30 local chapters between 2014 and 2016.^[4] The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy.^[5]

Black Lives Matter has also been criticized. Some black civil rights leaders have criticized the tactics of BLM. Some critics accuse Black Lives Matter of being anti-police, and question the statistics provided by BLM activists regarding the rate at which black people are killed by police. Other criticisms include: BLM's lack of focus on intra-racial violence, allegations of racism and sexism, and criticism of the policy statements laid out by the Movement for Black Lives.

There have been many reactions to the Black Lives Matter movement. The U.S. population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race.^[6] The phrase "All Lives Matter" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of "Black Lives Matter".^[7][8] Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police.^[9 Earlier movements

BLM claims inspiration from the Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power movement, the 1980s Black feminist movement, Pan-Africanism, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, hip hop, LGBTQ social movements, and Occupy Wall Street.^[10] Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement."^[1][11][12] Some of the protesters, however, actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as

 church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and respectability politics.^[13][14] Political scientist Frederick C. Harris has argued that this "group-centered model of leadership" is distinct from the older charismatic leadership model that characterized civil rights organizations like Jesse Jackson's Rainbow PUSH Coalition and Sharpton's National Action Network.^[15]

Online campaign

"Million Hoodie March" in Union Square, Manhattan on March 21, 2012, protesting George Zimmerman's shooting of Trayvon Martin

In the summer of 2013, after George Zimmerman's acquittal for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.^[16] The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.^[17][18] Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains community organizers.^[10] They began to question how they were going to respond to what they saw as the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she said: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter". Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born as an online campaign.^[10]

Ferguson activism

Protests in Ferguson, Missouri, August 17, 2014

In August 2014, BLM members organized their first in-person national protest in the form of a "Black Lives Matter Freedom Ride" to Ferguson, Missouri after the shooting of Michael Brown.^[10] More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations. Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups, becoming nationally recognized as symbolic of the emerging movement.^[10]

Since then, Black Lives Matter has organized thousands of protests and demonstrations. Expanding beyond street protests, BLM has expanded to activism on American college campuses, such as the 2015–16 University of Missouri protests.^[19]

Inclusivity of the movement

Black Lives Matter incorporates those traditionally on the margins of black freedom movements.^[10] The organization's website, for instance, states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing intersectionality, that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all Black lives along the gender spectrum."^[20] All three founders of the Black Lives Matter movement are women, and Garza and Cullors identify as queer.^[21] The founders believe that their backgrounds have paved the way for Black Lives Matter to be an intersectional movement. Several hashtags such as #BlackWomenMatter, #BlackGirlsMatter, #BlackQueerLivesMatter, and #BlackTransLivesMatter have surfaced on the BLM website and throughout social media networks. Marcia Chatelain, associate professor of history at Georgetown University, has praised BLM for allowing "young, queer women [to] play a central role" in the movement.^[22]

Black Lives Matter supporters and allies gather inside the Minneapolis City Hall rotunda on December 3, 2015, after an early morning raid and eviction of demonstrators occupying the space outside the Minneapolis Police Department's 4th Precinct, following the police shooting death of Jamar Clark.

Structure and organization

Loose structure

The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a Twitter hashtag, a slogan, a social movement, or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership.^[23] Activist DeRay McKesson has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly."^[24]

In 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi formed the Black Lives Matter Network. Alicia Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles, but operate without a central structure or hierarchy. Alicia Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement."^[25][26] Currently, there are at least 30 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., England, Canada, Australia, and Ghana.^{[4][27][28][29]}

Notable Black Lives Matter activists include co-founder of the Seattle Black Lives Matter chapter Marissa Johnson, lawyer and president of the Minneapolis chapter of the NAACP Nekima Levy-Pounds, and writer Shaun King. In a September 2016 interview with W. Kamau Bell and Hari Kondabolu, King described himself as part of the broader Black Lives Matter movement and supportive of the formal organization Black Lives Matter, but not affiliated with the latter.^[30]

The loose structure of Black Lives Matter has contributed to confusion in the press and among activists, as actions or statements from chapters or individuals are sometimes attributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole.^[31][32] Matt Pearce, writing for the Los Angeles Times, commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality."^[33]

Guiding principles

According to the Black Lives Matter website, there are thirteen guiding principles that should apply to those who choose to become involved under the Black Lives Matter banner, among them Diversity, Globalism, Empathy, Restorative Justice and Intergenerational.^[34]

Broader movement

Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter" as well.^[4][35] For example, BLM is a member organization of the Movement for Black Lives established to respond to sustained and increasingly visible violence against black communities in the U.S. and globally.^[36] In 2015 Johnetta Elzie, DeRay Mckesson, Brittany Packnett, and Samuel Sinyangwe, initiated Campaign Zero, aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending broken windows policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the use of force.^[37] New York Times reporter John Eligon reported that some activists had expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence.^[38]

Strategies and tactics

Black Lives Matter protest against police brutality in St. Paul, Minnesota

Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including hashtag activism—to reach thousands of people rapidly.^[10] Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a diversity of tactics.^[39]

Internet and social media

In 2014, the American Dialect Society chose #BlackLivesMatter as their word of the year.^[40][41] Yes! Magazine picked #BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.^[42] Memes are also important in garnering support for the Black Lives Matter new social movement. Information communication technologies such as Facebook and Twitter spread memes and are important tools for garnering web support in hopes of producing a spillover effect into the offline world.^[43] However, Blue Lives Matter and other opponents of BLM have also used memes to criticize and parody the movement,^[44] especially its ignorance of how many killings of black people are results of "black-on-black" crime.

As of September 2016, the phrase "Black Lives Matter" has been tweeted over 30 million times,^[45] and Black Twitter has been credited with bringing international attention to the BLM movement. Using the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter has helped activists communicate the scale of their movement to the wider online community and stand in solidarity amongst other participants.^[46]

Dr. Khadijah White, a professor at Rutgers University, argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all over the world.^[47]

Direct action

Black Lives Matter demonstration in Oakland, California

BLM generally engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.^[48] BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies.^[49] BLM has also staged die-ins and held one during the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon.^[50]

"Hands up!" sign displayed at a Ferguson protest

Political slogans used during demonstrations include the eponymous "Black Lives Matter", "Hands up, don't shoot" (a later discredited reference attributed to Michael Brown^[51]), "I can't breathe"^[52][53] (referring to Eric Garner), "White silence is violence",^[54] "No justice, no peace",^[55][56] and "Is my son next?",^[57] among others.

Media

Beyoncé's most recent production Lemonade featured the mothers of Michael Brown, Trayvon Martin, and Eric Garner, holding photographs of their sons.^[58][59] The video for Beyoncé's single "Formation" (2016) celebrates Southern black culture and features a line of policemen holding up their hands while a hooded black boy dances in front of them. The video also features a shot of graffiti on a wall reading "stop shooting us".^[60] Songs such as Kendrick Lamar's "Alright" have been used as a rallying call at demonstrations.^[61]

The short documentary film Bars4Justice features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual Pan African Film Festival. Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement is a 2016 American television documentary film starring Jesse Williams about the Black Lives Matter movement.^[62][63]

Timeline of notable U.S. events and demonstrations

See also: List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States

2014

Black Lives Matter protester at Macy's Herald Square

In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Dontre Hamilton, Eric Garner, John Crawford III, Michael Brown, Ezell Ford, Laquan McDonald, Akai Gurley, Tamir Rice, Antonio Martin, and Jerame Reid, among others.

In July, Eric Garner died in New York City, after a New York City Police Department officer put him in a chokehold while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement.^[64]

In August, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into Ferguson, Missouri, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.^[65][66] The movement continued to be involved in the Ferguson unrest, following the death of Michael Brown.^[67] Also in August, Los Angeles Police Department officers shot and killed Ezell Ford. Following the shooting, BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015.^[68]

In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and killed, Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City.^[69] In Oakland, California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) train for more than an hour on Black Friday, one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the death of Mike Brown.^[70][71]

Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also been cited as "sparking" the Black Lives Matter movement.^[64][72][73]

A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota

In December, 2,000–3,000 people gathered at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.^[74] At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.^[75] In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, BLM protested the police shooting of Dontre Hamilton, who died in April.^[76] Black Lives Matter protested the shooting of John Crawford III.^[77] The shooting of Renisha McBride was protested by Black Lives Matter.^[78] Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the death of Michael Brown, a protest march was held in Berkeley, California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees.^[79]

2015

In 2015, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Charley Leundeu Keunang, Tony Robinson, Anthony Hill, Meagan Hockaday, Eric Harris, Walter Scott, Freddie Gray, William Chapman, The Charleston Nine, Jonathan Sanders, Sandra Bland, Samuel DuBose, Jeremy McDole, Corey Jones, and Jamar Clark, among others.

In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel's office, demanding reforms within the Chicago Police Department.^[80] Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations.^[81]

A demonstrator, wearing the uniform of the Orioles baseball team on the street in Baltimore

In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the death of Freddie Gray which included the 2015 Baltimore protests.^[82][83] After the shooting of Walter Scott in North Charleston, South Carolina, Black Lives Matter protested Scott's death and called for citizen oversight of police.^[84]

In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest, Say Her Name, decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, Aiyana Jones, Rekia Boyd, and others.^[85] In Cleveland, Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams, BLM protested.^[86] In Madison, Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the shooting of Tony Robinson.^[87]

Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at Metro Green Line

In June, after Dylann Roof's shooting in a historically black church in Charleston, South Carolina, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.^[88] BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.^[89][90] BLM was part of a march for peace on the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge in South Carolina.^[91] After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the Confederate States of America were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.^[92][93] Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after a video was released showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in McKinney, Texas—to the ground with his knees.^[94]

In July, BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of Sandra Bland, an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in Waller County, Texas.^[95][96] In Cincinnati, Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a University of Cincinnati police officer.^[97] In Newark, New Jersey, over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.^[98] Also in July, BLM protested the death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi.^[99][100]

One-year commemoration of the shooting of Michael Brown and the Ferguson unrest at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York

In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against transgender women.^[101] In Charlotte, North Carolina, after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, Jonathan Ferrell, BLM protested and staged die-ins.^[102] In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Janelle Monáe, Jidenna, and other BLM activists marched through North Philadelphia to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.^[103] Around August 9, the first anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in St. Louis and across the country.^[104][105]

In September, over five hundred BLM protesters in Austin, Texas rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto Interstate 35.^[106] In Baltimore, Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the Freddie Gray police brutality case.^[107] In Sacramento, California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a California Senate bill that would increase police oversight.^[108] BLM protested the shooting of Jeremy McDole.^[109]

In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago.^[110] "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.^[111] Quentin Tarantino and Cornel West, participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence.^[112] Protest March in response to the Jamar Clark shooting, Minneapolis, Minnesota

An activist holds a "Black Lives Matter" sign outside the Minneapolis Police Fourth Precinct building following the officer-involved shooting of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015.

In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by Minneapolis Police Department.^[113] A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police. During the encamped protest, protestors and outside agitators clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the station with an SUV.^[114][115] Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men carrying firearms and body armor^[116] appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters.^[117][118] All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three men arrested were young and white, and observers called them white supremacists.^[119][120] In February 2017, one of the men arrested, Allen Scarsella, was convicted of a dozen felony counts of assault and riot in connection with the shooting. Based in part on months of racist messages Scarsella had sent his friends before the shooting, the judge rejected arguments by his defense that Scarsella was "naïve" and sentenced him in April 2017 to 15 years out of a maximum 20-year sentence.^[121][122]

From November into 2016, BLM protested the shooting death of Laquan McDonald, calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake of the shooting and its handling. McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.^[123]

2016

In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce Kelley Jr., Alton Sterling, Philando Castile, Joseph Mann, Abdirahman Abdi, Paul O'Neal, Korryn Gaines, Sylville Smith, Terence Crutcher, Keith Lamont Scott, Alfred Olango, and Deborah Danner, among others.

In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in San Francisco to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by San Francisco Police officers. The march was held during a Super Bowl event.^[124] BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins and direct actions across the country with the goal of restoring the radical legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.^[125]

In February, Abdullahi Omar Mohamed, a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by Salt Lake City, Utah police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests.^[126]

In June, members of BLM and Color of Change protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a charge that the state penal code had designated as "lynching" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident.^[127]

On July 5, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot several times at point blank range while pinned to the ground by two white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton Rouge shouted "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an intersection to protest Sterling's death.^[128] On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a candlelight vigil in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice.^[129]

On July 6, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a St. Anthony, Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in Falcon Heights, a suburb of St. Paul. Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her 4-year-old daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer.^[130] According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to carry a weapon and had one in the car.^[131] She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times."^[132] She live-streamed a video on Facebook in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United States.^[133]

Protest march in response to the shooting of Philando Castile, St. Paul, Minnesota on July 7, 2016

On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas that was organized to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson opened fire in an ambush, killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb.^[134] Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."^[135][135] Texas Lt. Governor Dan Patrick and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement.^[136][137] The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings.^{[138][139][140]} On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States.^[141]

Protest in response to the Alton Sterling shooting, San Francisco, California, July 8, 2016

In the first half of July, there were at least 112 protests in 88 American cities.^[142] In July 2016, NBA stars LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul, and Dwyane Wade opened the 2016 ESPY Awards with a Black Lives Matter message.^[143] On July 26, Black Lives Matter held a protest in Austin, Texas, to mark the third anniversary of the shooting death of Larry Jackson Jr.^[144] On July 28, Chicago Police Department officers shot Paul O'Neal in the back and killed him following a car chase.^[145] After the shooting, hundred marched in Chicago, Illinois.^[146]

In Randallstown, Maryland, near Baltimore, on August 1, 2016, police officers shot and killed Korryn Gaines, a 23-year-old African-American woman, also shooting and injuring her son.^[147] Gaines' death was protested throughout the country.^[148]

In August, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Black Lives Matter protested the death of Bruce Kelley Jr. who was shot after fatally stabbing a police dog while trying to escape from police the previous January.^[149]

Beginning in August, several professional athletes have participated in the 2016 U.S. national anthem protests. The protests began in the National Football League (NFL) after Colin Kaepernick of the San Francisco 49ers sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third preseason game of 2016.^[150] During a post-game interview he explained his position stating, "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder,"^[151] a protest widely interpreted as in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.^{[152][153][154]} The protests have generated mixed reactions, and have since spread to other U.S. sports leagues.

In September 2016, BLM protested the shooting deaths by police officers of Terence Crutcher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina.^{[155][156][157]} The Charlotte Observer reported "The protesters began to gather as night fell, hours after the shooting. They held signs that said 'Stop Killing Us' and 'Black Lives Matter,' and they chanted 'No justice, no peace.' The scene was sometimes chaotic and tense, with water bottles and stones chucked at police lines, but many protesters called for peace and implored their fellow demonstrators not to act violently."^[158] Multiple nights of protests from September to October 2016 were held in El Cajon, California, following the shooting of Alfred Olango.^[159][160]

2017

In 2017, in Black History Month, a month-long "Black Lives Matter" art exhibition was organized by three Richmond, Virginia artists at the First Unitarian Universalist Church in the Byrd Park area of the city. The show featured more than 30 diverse multicultural artists on a theme exploring racial equality and justice.^[161]

In the same month Virginia Commonwealth University's James Branch Cabell Library focused on a month-long schedule of events relating to Black history^[162] and showed photos from the church's "Black Lives Matter" exhibition on its outdoor screen.^[163] The VCU schedule of events included: the Real Life Film Series The Angry Heart: The Impact of Racism on Heart Disease among African-Americans; Keith Knight presented the 14th Annual VCU Libraries Black History Month lecture; Lawrence Ross, author of the book Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses talked about how his book related to the "Black Lives Matter" movement; and Velma P. Scantlebury, M.D., the first black female transplant surgeon in the United States, discussed "Health Equity in Kidney Transplantation: Experiences from a surgeon's perspective."

Black Lives Matter protested the shooting of Jocques Clemmons which occurred in Nashville, Tennessee on February 10, 2017.^[164] On May 12, 2017, a day after Glenn Funk, the district attorney of Davidson County decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert, the Nashville chapter of BLM held a demonstration near the Vanderbilt University campus all the way to the residence of Nashville mayor Megan Barry.^[165][166]

BLM international movement

Black Lives Matter protest at Union Square, Manhattan

In 2015, after the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the Arab Spring.^[10][167] This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring".^[168][169] Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the Dalit rights movement.^[170]

Australia

In July 2016, a BLM rally was organized in Melbourne, Australia, in which 3,500 people attended. The protest also emphasized on the issues of mistreatment of Aboriginal Australians by the Australian police and government.^[171]

In May 2017, Black Lives Matter was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize, which "honours a nominee who has promoted 'peace with justice', human rights and non-violence".^[172]

Canada

In July 2015, BLM protesters shut down Allen Road in Toronto, Ontario, protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police.^[173] In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the Take Back the Night event in Toronto.^[174]

In June 2016, Black Lives Matter was selected by Pride Toronto as the honoured group in that year's Pride parade, during which they staged a sit-in to block the parade from moving forward for approximately half an hour.^[175] They issued a number of demands for Pride to adjust its relationship with LGBTQ people of colour, including stable funding and a suitable venue for the established Blockrama event, improved diversity in the organization's staff and volunteer base, and most famously that Toronto Police officers be banned from marching in the parade in uniform.^[176]

Pride executive director Mathieu Chantelois signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed to honour the demands.^[177]

In late August 2016, the Toronto chapter protested outside the Special Investigations Unit in Mississauga in response to the death of Abdirahman Abdi, who died during an arrest in Ottawa.^[178]

United Kingdom

On August 4, 2016, BLM protesters blocked the London Heathrow Airport in London, England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together and lay against the motorway leading to the airport.^[179][180] Ten people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were also BLM-themed protests in other English cities including Birmingham and Nottingham. The UK-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting death of Mark Duggan.^[181]

On June 25, 2017, BLM supporters protested in Stratford, London the death of Edson Da Costa, who died in police custody. There were no arrests made at the protest.^[182][183]

2016 U.S. presidential election

Main article: United States presidential election, 2016

Bern Machine with a BLM sticker, September 18, 2015

Primaries

Democrats

At the Netroots Nation Conference in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring Martin O'Malley and Bernie Sanders. Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to address deaths in police custody.^[184] The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down". After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed O'Malley when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."^[185] O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he did not mean to disrespect the black community.^[185]

Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists in Westlake Park, Seattle

On August 8, 2015, a speech by Democratic presidential candidate and civil rights activist Bernie Sanders was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder Marissa Johnson^[186] who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.^{[187][188][189]} Sanders issued a platform in response.^[190] Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM.

She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.^[191] In August 2015, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.^[192]

In the first Democratic primary debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.^[193] In reply, Bernie Sanders stated, "Black lives matter."^[193] Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."^[194] In response,

Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."^[195] Jim Webb, on the other hand, replied: "As the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."^[193] Hillary Clinton was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn't?"^[196]

Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives, and emphasized what she described as a more pragmatic approach to enacting change, stating "Look, I don't believe you change hearts. I believe you change laws". Without policy change, she felt "we'll be back here in 10 years having the same conversation."^[197] In June 2015, Clinton used the phrase "all lives matter" in a speech about the opportunities of young people of color, prompting backlash that she may misunderstand the message of "Black Lives Matter"^[198][199]

A week after the first Democratic primary debate was held in Las Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and its chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz demanding more debates, and "specifically for a #BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate."^[200][201] The petition received over 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched,^[202] and had over 33,000 signatures as of October 27, 2015.^[203]

The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add another debate to its official schedule.^[204] In response, the organization released a press statement on its Facebook page stating that "[i]n consultation with our chapters, our communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a full additional debate.^[202]

After the first debate, in October 2015, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at Atlanta University Center was interrupted by BLM activists.^[205]

In February 2016, two Black Lives Matters activists protested at a private fundraiser for Clinton about statements she made in 1996 in which she referred to young people as "super-predators". One of the activists wanted Clinton to apologize for "mass incarceration" in connection with her support for her husband, then-President Bill Clinton's 1994 criminal reform law.^[206]

Republicans

Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015, Ben Carson, the only African American vying for the Republican nomination for the presidency, called the movement "silly".^[207] Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few.^[208] In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, one question referenced

Black Lives Matter.^[209] In response to the question, Scott Walker advocated for the proper training of law enforcement^[209] and blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,^[210] while Marco Rubio was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.^[211]

In August 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush.^[212] As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".^[213]

Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".^[214] Candidate Chris Christie, the New Jersey Governor, criticized President Obama for supporting BLM, stating that the movement calls for the murder of police officers.^[215] Christie's statement was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.^[216]

BLM activists also called on the Republican National Committee to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.^[217] The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum.^[204]

In November 2015, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a Donald Trump rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."^[218] Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.^[219]

Play media

Anti-Trump protest in NYC, beginning of day, March 19, 2016

In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest that forced Trump to cancel the event.^[220][221] Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident. Two were "charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer".^[222] A CBS reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest.^[223]

General election

A group called Mothers of the Movement, which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and other mothers whose "unarmed African-American children have been killed by law enforcement or due to gun violence,"^[224] addressed the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 26.^[225][226]

Commenting on the first of 2016 Presidential debates between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, some media outlets characterized Clinton's references to implicit bias and systemic racism^[227] as speaking "the language of the Black Lives Matter movement,"^[228] while others pointed out neither Clinton nor Trump used the words "Black Lives Matter."^[229]

In a Washington Post op-ed, DeRay Mckesson endorsed Hillary Clinton, because her "platform on racial justice is strong". He articulated that voting alone is not the only way to bring about "transformational change". He said that "I voted my entire life, and I was still tear-gassed in the streets of St. Louis and Baltimore. I voted my entire life, and those votes did not convict the killers of Sandra Bland, Freddie Gray or Michael Brown".^[230][231]

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For Defendants Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges for the Fifth Circuit committed to each Count(s) singularly and collectively premeditated RICO obstruction denied “Writ of Mandamus”, on behalf of

Chief Defendant Donald John Trump Sr. while physically with the Texas Federal District Court”, and the “Appeal Court of Fifth Circuit” collectively violently actually destroying evidenced of all pro se plaintiff (Attorney work product) material evidenced, and exhibit(s) all done ongoing well “smart judicial criminals acting under color of law late nights physically in overtime to study precise to foil the actual

Slavery History data, make the “pro se plaintiff seem a babbling fool really confused as these files are mixed up, cut up, and some actually missing in the “record excerpts” of defendant (United States Federal Court House) as described Case 17 – 20313 Document: 00513999498 Page: 1 Date filed 05/19/2017dated May 11th 2017 Re: No. 17 – 20313 Louis Hamilton, II v. USA, et al, request signature on Notice of “Appeal” however this was very fraudulent, as filed in United States Court Southern District of Texas May 03 2017 “ROA.17-20321.1005 Signature in sealed under right thumb print and last four Social Security No. 2712 Cmdr. U.S. Navy (Secret Service) under notary seal of the

State of Texas date 2nd day of May Cc: Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, Cc: Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, KG, KT, PC, ADC (William Arthur Philip Louis) Cc: Prince Henry of Wales, KCVO, (Henry Charles Albert David) Cc: Prime Minister Theresa Mary May at the British Consulate 1301 Fannin Street Houston Texas 77002-7014, which defendant “Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals” Clerk of Court Office” working

RICO fraud documents and destruction of the case file “magic” (again) submitted the pro se plaintiff (Hamilton) to submit a second signature while scuttling (34) Attorney of Record work product “Pro Se” Material Facts of the precise Slavery History of Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” in this Notice of Appeal “Hamilton vs. Joe Czyzyk, Chirman, CEO, Board of Directors, US Vets United States Veterans Imitative et al (pages) “ROA.17-20321.971 – “ROA.17 – 20321.1005, which (34) pages appear is missing..?

But not in “pro se Plaintiff copy of the record excerpts,…? Only at the “Fifth Court of Appeals” Records, as the request was made to alter page at “ROA.17-20321.971 to be required for signature when the rest of the document being scuttled, missing, deleted, and WTF are you talking “about, as the Court request this twice and did so received both with one dated Monday May 15th 2017 with

Tracking No. 9405 5118 9922 3755 8516 54 with the second signature dated June 26th 2017 and mailed in with letter dated 26th of June 2017 under seal of Cmdr. # 2712 (Secret Service) US Navies and tracking also attached, which the District Court Fraud forcing 4 appeal, as the Notice of Appeal being duplicated for Case 4: 16 –CV- 00964 Document 58 Filed in Texas SD on 05/01/17 Hamilton Vs. United States of America et al, which document of the Appeal “ROA. 17 – 20313.1079 being the same page the

“Court of Appeals” requesting to modify the text of the Notice of “Appeal” when both Appeals having (2) signatures both under notary seal, as additional documents missing at “ROA 17 – 20313.780 just a single “page” of this entire document being “Appeal Records” gone again…? from actual Federal Court Records, held in a Computer…?

All being on the behalf of Chief Defendants 45TH President Donald John Trump sr. as any legal document ID his crimes, action, and proof of crimes committed by this “particular defendant” vanished, with addition document, and exhibit missing that shows guilt on part of defendant “United States of America et al crimes against “humanity for “enslavement” of44.5 Million

Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” all criminal, obstruction of Justice to avoid defendant (USA) et al physical crimes ownership of in 2013 having legal possession, custody and control over 44.5 Million Slaves since 1865 “Civil War” in already committed proven RICO crimes committed past and present by defendant (USA) et al, as a “Whole” and all direct compensation entitlements to

“Plaintiff Slaves well over due since 1865 as when under the “manipulation of judicial decree” data concerning “slavery history” of “United States of America” ruling on “Pro Se Plaintiff Hamilton 44.5 Million Black Lives Matter official “Writ of Mandamus” of “Moot” by

(Defendants) Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson Circuit Judges for the Fifth Circuit committed them three white wise men self to being RICO Principals, Co-conspirators and accessories after the “material facts” present by “pro se plaintiff “with joint” official higher education Law Degree’s “Clever extra special “three white wise men” deliberation, consideration of

(Defendants) Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges for the Fifth Circuit against “Moot Slave Negro Brothers” forever in 2017 – 2099 seal in time slavery time : )

“Moot 1 Chief Negro Slave Judge Carl E. Stewart and “Moot 2 Negro Slave Judge James E. Graves Jr. being (actual) Plaintiff 44.5 Million a “party to this action “Black Lives Matter” being Born physically Slaves at birth, which there “freedom papers official filed” into several court and “appeal court records proof them being beside “Federal Judges” a direct real legal

Human Slave Plaintiffs same as 44.5 Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” as the court itself “seal the deal

 “Check Mate” notwithstanding most outlandish COURT OF APPEALS FIFTH CIRCUIT, Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges for the Fifth Circuit with deliberation, conscious technical assistance being under color of law intent further being a “civil/criminal RICO “party” to direct violation of “International Law” of United Nations Global Programme against Money Laundering, Proceeds of Crime, and the

 Financing of Terrorism (GPML) as Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges for the Fifth Circuit engaged directly as “Principles” in Facilitate the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money of

Chief Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr. collectively Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges for the Fifth Circuit in direct violation of defendant (USA) own rules of laws pursuant 18 U.S. Code § 2 – Principals, in the commission of civil/criminal crimes against The Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-570) is a United States Act of Congress that made money laundering a federal crime, upon which of

Chief Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr. having been in a “long uncivilized history” in the process of making illegally-gained proceeds (i.e. "dirtymoney") appear legal (i.e. "clean") as “Plaintiffs” / pro se Plaintiffs “Black Lives Matter too, actually being defendant (USA) et al official Naval Intelligence Secret Service since 1982 well into a (top security classified) investigation into the many numerous world-wide scheme of things, of this particular

Chief Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr. of which a major undertaken by a network of The defendant U.S. intelligence community vast, 17 distinct organizations each operating under its own shroud of secrecy including “Five Eyes” MI6, and several defendant (USA) et al AG office(s) on state level for 19 years since 1997 – 2016 defendant (USA) et al Judicial Corruption being aid and abetting against a white supremacy gang having assistance by the defendant (USA) et al very own

“Federal Court System fraud principle in direct and indirect money laundering cover up scheme of thing in government judicial decree “err” against the detect and prevent money laundering scheme against the UN “United Nations” conventions and other instruments that deal with money laundering accused by defendant very own government records against

Chief Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr. and his accused world –wide terrorism financing in several 2016 Federal Complaints now on appeal, as this very confusing August 9^th 2017 seeking a respond to further proceed while already being hacked up proceed “Black Lives Matter”, long before the hostile court “err” to have now 4 Fraudulent Courts of Appeals against

44.5 Million Plaintiffs Black Lives matter..? in light of this addition request of nothing but “whites supremacy” 1800s Colonial America Legal trash, dated August 9^th 2017 having no real meaning other then facts when Black Lives Matter”, already before the Appeal Court 17 – 400068 (2017) current waiting for the “Lynching” like the “Writ of Mandamus” lynching No. 17 – 40280 USDC No. 3: 16 –MC – 16 Just got dismissed on June 21^st 2017…?

On August 9^th 2017 United States of Appeals Court, requesting in “connection with this “Appeal” in the case on behalf of “Black Lives Matter”, decision of this Court which holds that a Corporation is a fictional legal entity which can be represented only by a licensed counsel and cannot be represent by an officer of the “corporation who is not an “attorney”.

See In Re K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5^th Cir 1981) therefore, unless you are an attorney licensed to practice before this Court, you may not represent this party in this appeal. Please notify this office within 15 days of this date whether you will be retaining counsel to represent this party, or you may file a motion advising why the cited authority does not preclude you from representation. Failure to comply will result in dismissal of the appeal on behalf of the party name above.

In The United States District Court

For The Southern District of Texas

Slave Negro Pro Se Plaintiff Louis Charles Hamilton II USN SS # 2712

President Negro Slave Barack Hussein (Water-Head) Obama II

Negro Slave Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama

Negro Slave Natasha Obama,

Negro Slave Malia Ann Obama                       U.S. Docket No. 3:16-MC-00016

Plaintiff Rachel Ann Hamilton (Wife)            Slave Plaintiffs (Notice of Appeal)

Negro Slave Chandra D. Hamilton (Daughter)    

Negro Slave Natasha Hamilton (Daughter)                                  

Negro Slave Aaron Michael Halvorsen (Hamilton II)           

Negro Slave Craig Robinson

Negro Slave Marian Shields Robinson

Negro Slave Rachel Meghan Markle

President Abe Lincoln

President John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy

Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy

Negro Slave Dred Scott

Negro Slave Harriet Tubman

Negro Slave Rev. Doctor Martin Luther King Jr.

Negro Slave Deadria Farmer-Paellmann

Negro Slave Plaintiff LeBron Raymone James

Negro Slave Colin Rand Kaepernick

Negro Slave Plaintiff Petty Officer 2nd Class Janaye Ervin,

Negro Slave Officer CPL. MONTRELL Jackson, 32, Baton Rouge Police Department,

Negro Slave Gavin Eugene Long

Negro Slave Micah Xavier Johnson

Negro Slave Plaintiff Philando Castile

Negro Slave Alton Sterling

Negro Slave Carnell Snell Jr.

Negro Slave Korryn Gaines

Negro Slave Keith Lamar Scott

Negro Slave Terence Crutcher

Negro Slave MarShawn M. McCarrel II

Negro Slave Philando Castile

Negro Slave Alton Sterling

Negro Slave Michael Brown

Negro Slave Malcolm X born Malcolm Little

Negro Slave Medgar Wiley Evers

Negro Slave Andrew Jackson Young, Jr.

Negro Slave Eric Marlon Bishop, “Jamie Foxx” (“Django”)

Negro Slave Samuel L. Jackson

Negro Slave Oprah Gail Winfrey

Negro Slave Plaintiff Denzel Hayes Washington Jr.

Negro Slave Caryn Elaine Johnson Whoopi Goldberg

Negro Slave Wesley Snipes

Negro Slave Marion Hugh "Suge" Knight Jr

Negro Slave Eric Garner,

Negro Slave Michael Brown,

Negro Slave Tamir Rice,

Negro Slave Walter Scott,

Negro Slave Freddie Gray

Negro Slave Laquan McDonald.”

Negro Slave Veteran Jeffery Tavery

Negro Slave Veteran Robert Vaughan

Negro Slave Veteran Keno Miller

Plaintiff Negro Slave Veteran Avery Brown

“Plaintiff 1865 “Freeman Bureau”

“Plaintiff “Black Lives Matter”

Plaintiff Slave Negro US Veteran Exactly 1.8 (Million)

Plaintiff Negro Slaves 42.7 Million

Plaintiff British Empire et al (Prince Williams, Prince Harry & British Queen)

Plaintiff Negro DNA Slave British Empire Immigrants 

Plaintiff (allies) Albania, - Plaintiff (allies) Qatar

Plaintiff Negro DNA Slave “Immigrant” Anguilla - Plaintiff Negro DNA Slave “Immigrant” West Indies 

Plaintiff Negro DNA Slave “Immigrant” Algeria –

Plaintiff Negro DNA Slave “Immigrant” Zimbabwe

Negro Plaintiff Slaves DNA affirm of Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico

 - Negro Plaintiff Slaves DNA affirm of Absentee – shawneee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma

Vs.

 Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr. et al

Defendant United States of America et al

Before the Court”, Property of the United States of America, Slave Negro U.S Federal Judge George Carol Hanks, Jr. (born into slavery servitude of USA in 1964),

                  USPS First Class Mail 9400 1118 9922 3387 4828 41

Notwithstanding the Grand scheme of Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals” in this criminal additional false entry in judicial decree court official government record that is kept, in USDC claiming to made, or used to show “Counterfeit and forgery Federal “Civil Action” further claimed and Utter as Counsel of Record in these

Judicial Government decree attest by official: Lyle W. Cayce “Clerk of The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit” By: Dawn M. Shulin, Deputy Clerk entered at the direction of the court Certified as true copy and issued as the mandate on Sep 09, 2016 in the matter No. 16- 20559

Louis Charles Hamilton II Plaintiff – Appellant v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Chief Defendant; United States OF AMERICA CONGRESS; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SUPREME COURT; VLADIMIR VLADIMIRVICH PUTIN Defendants – Appellees

As “pro se plaintiff” wondering this cause of action listed and  “Just How all these fraudulent forgery utter as true Government records ”keep popping Mail and wire fraud RICO “obstruction of justice up and oddly criminally having my Name both persons Cmdr. on them as acting legal Counsel of record “pro se”, while I need (now) as the Court Ruling

On August 9^th 2017 United States of Appeals Court, required Black Lives Matter” needs what “Crooked Attorney” to assist what further destruction on behalf .? The United States Court of Appeals for the “Infamous Fifth Circuit”

                                                4

Third and Foremost filed January 3^rd 2017 Case No. 3:16-mc-00016 Document 2 Filed in TXSD page 1of 32 sworn under Public Notary Motion before the Court requiring expedited hearing on  “Cease and Desist Order” against President Donald John Trump Sr. accompany “Emergency Application”, with all 44.5 Million plus

“Plaintiff Black Lives Matter” listed herein, which is on appeal against Chief Defendant “Donald John Trump Sr. for among other things “Inciting National Rioting”, within the Jurisdiction of Defendant (USA) et, as this was Denied, all actual physical evidence, even FBI reports, having no “meaning” before the Court, in this regards, as on or about further incited hate crimes speech, violence and dominance for profit, of (Trump) actual

President position in 2017 June – August inciting further “Police to be Abusive”, which being very hostile and aggressive towards what constitutional civil rights on behalf of 44.5  “Captive” Slaves Plaintiff “Black Lives Matter” as this threat was made even on

Sworn in Day of Oval Office of the United States designed corruption to  be 32 Shades Lip Sticks Color of a Very Hostile to Black Lives Matter Pig, attacking the “Black Lives Matter” as these material sword statement and actual government records produced, are ready into court evidence leaving a  2017 Nation Wide

GOP Political Party system of non-stop 1865 – 2017 white supremacy government leadership(s) Local/State/Federal in Presidential Making America Great Again Klansmen gangs sponsor no – less terrorizing, Murders, as this has occurred August 12^th 2017, as Defendant State of  Virginia having criminal produced under this violence

One person is dead in Charlottesville, State and local emergencies are declared Presidential Donald John Trump Sr. (Hostile) white nationalists confederates clashed with counter protesters “even” real Video shows car crashing into Charlottesville protest

State and local emergencies are declared as in Jurisdiction of defendant (USA) BALTIMORE – The NAACP issue alert to all 44.5 Million “Black Lives Matter” notice of harm in actual Travel Advisory Warnings within the

Jurisdiction of defendant United States of America et al for the defendant State of Missouri, all being still ongoing Slavery enticed legacy ignored by the Judicial Government corruption, and profiteering against the “Protective Order” already filed on Appeal, which direct violation RICO manipulation, of Judicial Decree, so all this criminal 2016 – 2017 ongoing crimes, of (Trump) et al, leaves no question

“Affidavit of Probable Cause an Issuance for Arrest Warrant, for Defendant  Charles R. Norgle, U.S. District Judge with Co-Defendant(s)  EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and MANION, Circuit Judges  In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit “collectively” thereafter Nos. 05-3265, 05-3266, 05-3305

 IN RE: AFRICAN-AMERICAN SLAVE DESCENDANTS LITIGATION. APPEALS OF: DEADRIA FARMER-PAELLMANN, et al., and TIMOTHY HURDLE, et al. ____________

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern District. No. 02 C 7764—Charles R. Norgle, Sr., Judge. ____________ ARGUED SEPTEMBER 27, 2006—DECIDED DECEMBER 13, 2006

1.     44.5 Million (plus) “Counts” of  violation of The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO) 18 U.S.C. § 1589 (forced labor), 18 U.S.C. § 1590 (trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor), “Slavery Servitude” money laundering statutes, 18 U.S.C. 1956 and 1952.2 against 44.5 Million (plus) “Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” throughout the defendant United States designating theft by force slave labor that is large in magnitude in excess of 6 Trillion U.S. Dollars with interest dating back to 1865

2.     Defendant  Charles R. Norgle, U.S. District Judge with Co-Defendant(s)  EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and MANION, Circuit Judges 44.5 Million (plus) “Counts” of  False Imprisonment  with direct violation of intent, actual confinement in boundaries as “slaves” not of the plaintiff's “Black Lives Matter” choosing, and defendant (USA) et al awareness of the confinement for 148 years since 1865 said 13^th amendment of US Constitution was not completely ratified.

3.     Defendant  Charles R. Norgle, U.S. District Judge with Co-Defendant(s)  EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and MANION, Circuit Judge 44.5 Million (plus) “Counts” of  “Aggravated PERJURY AND OTHER FALSIFICATION, intentionally makes a false statement while under oath under color of Law as a “United States Judicial Judge in the commission of civil/criminal crimes of humanity fraud of court decree direct under RICO violation against 44.5 Million (plus) “Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” throughout the defendant United States

4.     Defendant  Charles R. Norgle, U.S. District Judge with Co-Defendant(s)  EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and MANION, Circuit Judges Violation of 18 U.S. Code § 2 – Principals, in the commission of civil/criminal crimes of humanity of “Enslavement” against 44.5 Million (plus) “Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter”.

5.     Defendant  Charles R. Norgle, U.S. District Judge with Co-Defendant(s)  EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and MANION, Circuit Judges 44.5 Million (plus) “Counts” of Grand larceny, Principals, in the commission of civil/criminal crimes of humanity against 44.5 Million (plus) “Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” throughout the defendant United States designating theft that is large in magnitude in excess of 6 Trillion U.S. Dollars with interest dating back to 1865 and very serious in penological consequences as described in exhibit E Class Action Deaddria Farmer – Paeellmann vs. FleetBoston Financial Corporations et al, filed Mar 26^th 2002 Case No. CV 02 1863.

6. Defendant  Charles R. Norgle, U.S. District Judge with Co-Defendant(s)  EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and MANION, Circuit Judges Making false statements (18 U.S.C. § 1001)

7. Co-conspirators and accessories after the fact —  as described in counts 1 – 5 Defendant  Charles R. Norgle, U.S. District Judge with Co-Defendant(s)  EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and MANION, Circuit Judges 

Chief Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr. having been in a “long uncivilized history” in the process of making illegally-gained proceeds (i.e. "dirtymoney") appear legal (i.e. "clean")

All said “Affidavit of Probable cause and Issue of Arrest Warrant for “Chief Defendant Donald John Trump Sr. et al having been filed before George C. Hanks, Jr. United States District Judge 601 Rosenberg, 6th Floor Galveston, TX 77550 Telephone: (409)766-3737 In “Concert”

 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FIFTH CIRCUIT U.S. District Court Southern District of Texas (Galveston) Civil Docket for case #: 3:16-MC-00016 *date 01/23/2017 Plaintiff-Appellant Louis Charles Hamilton II Cmdr. USN #2712 vs. Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr.

Re: Writ of Mandamus Chief Defendant “45th President Donald John Trump Sr., The Trump Organization, 725 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10022 Writ of Mandamus CASE NO. 17- “Approval” of filing by Slave Negro George Carol Hanks, Jr. (born 1964) United States District Judge In

“Concert” UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FIFTH CIRCUIT U.S. District Court Southern District of Texas (Galveston) Civil Docket for case #: 3:16-MC-00016 *date 01/23/2017 Plaintiff-Appellant Louis Charles Hamilton II Cmdr. USN #2712 vs. Defendant 45th President Donald John Trump Sr.

Defendant(s) Reavley, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges for the Fifth Circuit being  direct Principle, and full assessor after the facts providing Judicial Muscle  protection cover up, conceal, delete obscuring, manipulation, money launder complete “Mind Man” Loyalty  on behalf of all criminal

 RICO endeavor of “Chief Defendant” Donald John Trump Sr. in his both personal and official capacity “err” manipulation of government Judicial decree to secure (against) the peace will, dignity, safety of  “Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” 44.5 Million herein

                                                5.

Fifth and foremost to United States of Appeals Court Fifth Circuit and Before the Court Slave Negro U.S. Judge George C. Hanks, Jr. With the (1800s Colonial Harvard and Duke Law degrees) pursuant to  

   Decided: September 17, 2004

Before KING, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and CLEMENT, Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals  Circuit Judges.

a.      

Defendant Senior Status Judge Carolyn Dineen King (born January 30, 1938, in Syracuse, New York) King graduated summa cum laude from Smith College in 1959, and earned a law degree from Yale Law School in 1962, while 44.5 Million Negro Plaintiff Black Lives Matter” currently “enslaved” after 1865 Civil War, well into 1979, (114) years of this crimes against humanity has proceeded onward even as it being out law by the 13^th amendment in all Jurisdiction, further declared being

President Jimmy Carter appointed Defendant Senior Status Judge Carolyn Dineen King to the Fifth Circuit, where she has written over 4400 opinions which not a single one has lead to the freedom of 44.5 million negro plaintiff black lives matter,. Well into 1999, Defendant Senior Status Judge Carolyn Dineen King became the first woman to serve as Chief Judge of the Fifth Circuit, a position that she held until 2006,

King assumed Defendant Senior Status Judge Carolyn Dineen King assumed  senior status on December 31, 2013, precisely the same year the defendant “State of Mississippi” Join the Union, which is now known to be “United States of America” legally on February 7^th 2013, as from 1979 – 2013 Defendant Senior Status Judge Carolyn Dineen King for exactly 34 years,  being a Principle, Co-conspire, full assessor after the facts of this Government conspired acting under color of law to 44.5 Million (plus) “Counts” of  False Imprisonment  with direct violation of intent, gross neglect, breach of judiciary and fiduciary duties with knowledge of the actual confinement of 

“Black Lives Matter” in boundaries as “Slaves” not of the Plaintiff's “Black Lives Matter” choosing, and defendant (USA) et al Defendant Senior Status Judge Carolyn Dineen King for 43 years active professional Judicial duties required correction, awareness of the confinement for 148 years since 1865 said 13^th amendment of US Constitution was not completely ratified well into 2013,

 As additional most regrettable included into the records of these proceeding is file a Notice of Recusal and additional “Affidavit of Probable cause and Issue of Arrest Warrants” for Defendant Senior Status Judge Carolyn Dineen King

Judge of the Fifth Circuit, Defendant Judge E. Grady Jolly (born 1937) July 30, 1982 – 2013 for 31 years active professional Judicial duties required correction, awareness of the confinement for 148 years since 1865 said 13^th amendment of US Constitution was not completely ratified well into 2013

Judge of the Fifth Circuit, Defendant Edith "Joy" Brown Clement (born April 29, 1948) November 26, 2001 – 2013 for 12 years active proffesional Judicial duties required correction, awareness of the confinement for 148 years since 1865 said 13^th amendment of US Constitution was not completely ratified well into 2013, notwithstanding

Violation of 18 U.S. Code § 2 – Principals, in the commission of civil/criminal crimes of humanity of “Enslavement” against 44.5 Million (plus) “Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter”, to include being a “party” to actual achieved directly/indirectly 44.5 Million (plus) “Counts” of  violation of The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO) 18 U.S.C. § 1589 (forced labor), 18 U.S.C. § 1590 (trafficking with respect to peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor),

“Slavery Servitude” money laundering statutes, 18 U.S.C. 1956 and 1952.2 against 44.5 Million (plus) “Plaintiffs Black Lives Matter” throughout the defendant United States designating theft by force slave labor well into 2013 that is large in magnitude in excess of 6 Trillion U.S. Dollars with interest dating back to 1865 Notwithstanding the “Key Citing”

                        K.M.A., Inc., 652, F.2d 398, 399 (5^th Cir 1981),

As of date Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda on the factual basis of 1619 – 2017 #BlackLivesMatter 44.5 Million herein are manipulated by the Negro Races Justices themselves, with “Whites Supremacy” on behalf of “United States 45^th President Donald John Trump Sr. ability to destroy the “entire” judicial government against #BlackLivesMatter legal civil action, and scuttling all files thereof… being grounds for the probable cause and issuance of arrest warrant for Slave Negro James E. Graves, Jr. party to whites supremacy rules of governing laws past, present and future by killing (article 6-a) genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm (article 6-b) and conditions to remain of life calculated to bring about the “Slaves” physical destruction (article 6-c) genocide by deliberately inflicting crimes against humanity in the abduction of an “entire human stateless race” to cover up committed War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, (enslavement) of an “entire” Negro race as defined in

Control Council Law No. 10, Article II. 2. Throughout the period covered by this Complaint upon the “Prosecutor” Investigation to filed all such “International Arrest Warrant Indictment “upon” all of the defendants herein, individual conscious without “excuse” acting in concert with each other and with others, of this hostile “whites supremacy” United Nations Security Council” supporting “slavery, Genocide, mass killing of #BlackLivesMatter” as all government records filed by Hamilton Vs. USA et al 2010 – 2017 fully scuttled, by the Judicial Government to secure the continue roles of (Co) perpetrator UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, (Co) perpetrator United Nations “excluded Russia Federation” (Co) perpetrator NATO on all actions of the Judicial Government fraudulent decree direct against the just lives of  captive forever

#BlackLivesMatter 44.5 Million, Plaintiff himself, his missing (dead) Utah family and personal Negro Family DNA race “captive” under “pro se counsel records all jack up, “destroyed”, manipulated, and RICO missing in whole and parts Legal Briefs, documents against President Donald John Trump Sr. while all unjust crimes against humanity being wage continue in 2017 – 2099 by (Co) perpetrator in Chief United States of America under full operation of

The Confederate States Constitution, formally the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, was the supreme law of the Confederate States, as adopted on March 11, 1861, and in effect from February 22, 1862, through the conclusion of the American Civil War, when Mississippi Join the Union Exhibit A on the precise date of February 7^th 2013 freeing all

“Slaves of Hostile United States of America” ruling conquering whites supremacy forever rules of governing laws instituted by these Hostile Judicial Judges “keeping” crimes against humanity, kidnapping and acts of aggression to anyone wanting to be a free slave of United States of America, involving. secure the continue “crimes against humanity roles of (Co) perpetrator UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, (Co) perpetrator (UN) United Nations Security Council “excluded Russia Federation” (Co) perpetrator NATO on all actions of the Judicial Government fraudulent decree direct against the just lives of  captive forever

#BlackLivesMatter 44.5 Million, Plaintiff himself, his missing (dead) Utah family and personal Negro Family DNA race “captive”

Subscribed before a Public Notary, On this __ Day of _______ 2017

                                                                   _______________________
                                                                             Public Notary
______________________________________
Slave Negro Louis Charles Hamilton II Cmdr. (USN)

 Black Lives Matter +Black Lives Matter

Cc: Honorable Ms Fatou Bensouda Prosecutor, Office of the Prosecutor ICC International Criminal Court, The, Hague, Netherlands
Cc: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Palais Wilson 52 rue des Pâquis CH-1201 Geneva, Switzerland
Cc: International Criminal Court, Oude Waalsdorperweg 10, 2597 AK Den Haag, Netherlands +Peace Palace

Cc: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon,

Cc: France President Emmanuel Macron
CC: Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, +BRITISH QUEEN
Cc: Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, KG, KT, PC, ADC (William Arthur Philip Louis) #Prince #Williams
Cc: Prince Henry of Wales, KCVO, (Henry Charles Albert David) +Prince Harry
Cc: Prime Minister Theresa Mary May +British Parliament

The British Consulate 1301 Fannin Street Houston Texas 77002-7014

 +POTUS Obama +Hillary Clinton​ ​ +BRITISH QUEEN +Prince Harry +Meghan Markle +HMS Prince of Wales +British Parliament +USNavySEAL +Us Navy +Tina Fey +SNL Group +Alec Baldwins Forehead +BBC World Service​ +NBC Chicago +Washington Post +The Rachel Maddow Show +CBS This Morning +ABC World News Tonight +Yahoo News​ +Donald Trump News +President Donald Trump Official +North Korea +South Korea +Xi Jingping +Sherlock Holmes​ +United States Air Force​ +UNITED NATIONS Headquarters​ +NATO +National Museum of American History +City of New York +BBC Africa +ABC NEWS +CBS Evening News +NBC New York +Yahoo News +Jackie Chan +Samuel L Jackson +Black Lives Matter +MLK jr.  +Vladimir Putin +USSR Gov +Russia +Nasdaq +Washington Post +HuffPost +Art/is +United Nations Human Rights +The National Museum of Computing +Santa Claus  +Pope Francis +The British Royal Navy +FEDERAL BUREAU Investigation +NSA Agent +Central Intelligence Agency +Mi6 +POLICE INTERPOL +US Senate +GOP +Federal Reserve bank +USS Ronald Reagan CVN 76 +USS Lassen DDG +USS JOHN S McCAIN DDG 56 +USS Forrestal +U.S. Govenment +U.S. Department of State +Canada +Mexico +Jackie Chan +Samuel L Jackson +Rachel Maddow Show +BBC News +British Style Life

#ICC #Honorable #Ms #Fatou #Bensouda #pursuant #to #Nuremberg #Nazi #Criminals #Trials  #™Cmdr. #Bluefin