68.
“PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA
Negro Race” realleges and incorporates by this
reference paragraphs 1 – 68 as though fully set forth herein further Affirm,
State and fully declare all allegation, contention, disputes, disputation,
argument, conflict and disharmony,
“Chief Defendant” Donald John Trump,
Sr. in his now “official capacity” of acting President of defendant “United
States of America et al” fully committed direct violations of 18 U.S. Code § 242 - Deprivation of rights under color of law, 18 U.S. Code § 249 – “Hate crime acts”, “Religious
Prosecution”, “Terrorization”, “Abuse of power”, “wire fraud”, “discrimination”,
“defamation”, “liable” and “slander” 100%
"malfeasance in office" and "official misconduct," in the
commission of an unlawful act, and mutiable RICO violations actions all done in
an official capacity, in 2017 of now acting President of defendant
“United States of America et al which
45th
President Donald John Trump Sr. tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated,
embarrassed or otherwise targeted “PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro “Muslim Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya,
Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen”.. as defendant did issue the following
document “Hate Crimes Acts” dated January 27th 2017 as follows:
69.
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary
January 27, 2017
EXECUTIVE ORDER:
PROTECTING THE NATION FROM FOREIGN TERRORIST ENTRY INTO THE UNITED STATES
EXECUTIVE ORDER
- - - - - - -
Protecting the
Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States
By the authority vested
in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of
America, including the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq., and section 301 of title 3, United
States Code, and to protect the American people from terrorist attacks by
foreign nationals admitted to the United States, it is hereby ordered as
follows:
Section 1.
Purpose.
The visa-issuance process plays a crucial role in detecting individuals with
terrorist ties and stopping them from entering the United States. Perhaps
in no instance was that more apparent than the terrorist attacks of September
11, 2001, when State Department policy prevented consular officers from
properly scrutinizing the visa applications of several of the 19 foreign
nationals who went on to murder nearly 3,000 Americans. And while the
visa-issuance process was reviewed and amended after the September 11 attacks
to better detect would-be terrorists from receiving visas, these measures did
not stop attacks by foreign nationals who were admitted to the United States.
Numerous foreign-born individuals have been convicted or implicated in
terrorism-related crimes since September 11, 2001, including foreign nationals
who entered the United States after receiving visitor, student, or employment
visas, or who entered through the United States refugee resettlement program.
Deteriorating conditions in certain countries due to war, strife, disaster, and
civil unrest increase the likelihood that terrorists will use any means
possible to enter the United States. The United States must be vigilant
during the visa-issuance process to ensure that those approved for admission
do not intend to harm Americans and that they have no ties to terrorism.
In order to protect Americans, the United States must ensure that those
admitted to this country do not bear hostile attitudes toward it and its
founding principles. The United States cannot, and should not, admit
those who do not support the Constitution, or those who would place violent
ideologies over American law. In addition, the United States should not
admit those who engage in acts of bigotry or hatred (including
"honor" killings, other forms of violence against women, or the
persecution of those who practice religions different from their own) or those
who would oppress Americans of any race, gender, or sexual orientation.
Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States to protect
its citizens from foreign nationals who intend to commit terrorist attacks in
the United States; and to prevent the admission of foreign nationals who intend
to exploit United States immigration laws for malevolent purposes.
Sec. 3.
Suspension of Issuance of Visas and Other Immigration Benefits to Nationals of
Countries of Particular Concern. (a) The
Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State and
the Director of National Intelligence, shall immediately conduct a review to
determine the information needed from any country to adjudicate any visa,
admission, or other benefit under the INA (adjudications) in order to determine
that the individual seeking the benefit is who the individual claims to be and
is not a security or public-safety threat.
(b) The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the
Secretary of State and the Director of National Intelligence, shall submit to
the President a report on the results of the review described in subsection (a)
of this section, including the Secretary of Homeland Security's determination
of the information needed for adjudications and a list of countries that do not
provide adequate information, within 30 days of the date of this order.
The Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide a copy of the report to the
Secretary of State and the Director of National Intelligence.
(c) To temporarily reduce investigative burdens on relevant agencies
during the review period described in subsection (a) of this section, to ensure
the proper review and maximum utilization of available resources for the
screening of foreign nationals, and to ensure that adequate standards are
established to prevent infiltration by foreign terrorists or criminals,
pursuant to section 212(f) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(f), I hereby proclaim that
the immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States of aliens from
countries referred to in section 217(a)(12) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1187(a)(12),
would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and I hereby
suspend entry into the United States, as immigrants and nonimmigrants, of such
persons for 90 days from the date of this order (excluding those foreign
nationals traveling on diplomatic visas, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
visas, C-2 visas for travel to the United Nations, and G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4
visas).
(d) Immediately upon receipt of the report described in subsection (b) of
this section regarding the information needed for adjudications, the Secretary
of State shall request all foreign governments that do not supply such
information to start providing such information regarding their nationals
within 60 days of notification.
(e) After the 60-day period described in subsection (d) of this section
expires, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary
of State, shall submit to the President a list of countries recommended for
inclusion on a Presidential proclamation that would prohibit the entry of
foreign nationals (excluding those foreign nationals traveling on diplomatic
visas, North Atlantic Treaty Organization visas, C-2 visas for travel to the
United Nations, and G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4 visas) from countries that do not
provide the information requested pursuant to subsection (d) of this section
until compliance occurs.
(f) At any point after submitting the list described in subsection (e) of
this section, the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Homeland Security may
submit to the President the names of any additional countries recommended for
similar treatment.
(g) Notwithstanding a suspension pursuant to subsection (c) of this
section or pursuant to a Presidential proclamation described in subsection (e)
of this section, the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security may, on a
case-by-case basis, and when in the national interest, issue visas or other
immigration benefits to nationals of countries for which visas and benefits are
otherwise blocked.
(h) The Secretaries of State and Homeland Security shall submit to the
President a joint report on the progress in implementing this order within 30
days of the date of this order, a second report within 60 days of the date of
this order, a third report within 90 days of the date of this order, and a
fourth report within 120 days of the date of this order.
Sec. 4. Implementing
Uniform Screening Standards for All Immigration Programs. (a)
The Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of
National Intelligence, and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
shall implement a program, as part of the adjudication process for immigration
benefits, to identify individuals seeking to enter the United States on a
fraudulent basis with the intent to cause harm, or who are at risk of causing
harm subsequent to their admission. This program will include the development
of a uniform screening standard and procedure, such as in-person interviews; a
database of identity documents proffered by applicants to ensure that duplicate
documents are not used by multiple applicants; amended application forms that
include questions aimed at identifying fraudulent answers and malicious intent;
a mechanism to ensure that the applicant is who the applicant claims to be; a
process to evaluate the applicant's likelihood of becoming a positively
contributing member of society and the applicant's ability to make
contributions to the national interest; and a mechanism to assess whether or
not the applicant has the intent to commit criminal or terrorist acts after
entering the United States.
(b) The Secretary of Homeland Security, in conjunction with the Secretary
of State, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, shall submit to the President an initial
report on the progress of this directive within 60 days of the date of this
order, a second report within 100 days of the date of this order, and a third
report within 200 days of the date of this order.
Sec. 5.
Realignment of the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program for Fiscal Year 2017. (a)
The Secretary of State shall suspend the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program
(USRAP) for 120 days. During the 120-day period, the Secretary of State,
in conjunction with the Secretary of Homeland Security and in consultation with
the Director of National Intelligence, shall review the USRAP application and
adjudication process to determine what additional procedures should be taken to
ensure that those approved for refugee admission do not pose a threat to the
security and welfare of the United States, and shall implement such additional
procedures. Refugee applicants who are already in the USRAP process may
be admitted upon the initiation and completion of these revised
procedures. Upon the date that is 120 days after the date of this order,
the Secretary of State shall resume USRAP admissions only for nationals of
countries for which the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security,
and the Director of National Intelligence have jointly determined that such
additional procedures are adequate to ensure the security and welfare of the
United States.
(b) Upon the resumption of USRAP admissions, the Secretary of State, in
consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, is further directed to
make changes, to the extent permitted by law, to prioritize refugee claims made
by individuals on the basis of religious-based persecution, provided that the
religion of the individual is a minority religion in the individual's country
of nationality. Where necessary and appropriate, the Secretaries of State
and Homeland Security shall recommend legislation to the President that would
assist with such prioritization.
(c) Pursuant to section 212(f) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(f), I hereby
proclaim that the entry of nationals of Syria as refugees is detrimental to the
interests of the United States and thus suspend any such entry until such time
as I have determined that sufficient changes have been made to the USRAP to
ensure that admission of Syrian refugees is consistent with the national
interest.
(d) Pursuant to section 212(f) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(f), I hereby
proclaim that the entry of more than 50,000 refugees in fiscal year 2017 would
be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and thus suspend any such
entry until such time as I determine that additional admissions would be in the
national interest.
(e) Notwithstanding the temporary suspension imposed pursuant to
subsection (a) of this section, the Secretaries of State and Homeland Security
may jointly determine to admit individuals to the United States as refugees on
a case-by-case basis, in their discretion, but only so long as they determine
that the admission of such individuals as refugees is in the national interest
-- including when the person is a religious minority in his country of
nationality facing religious persecution, when admitting the person would
enable the United States to conform its conduct to a preexisting international
agreement, or when the person is already in transit and denying admission would
cause undue hardship -- and it would not pose a risk to the security or welfare
of the United States.
(f) The Secretary of State shall submit to the President an initial
report on the progress of the directive in subsection (b) of this section
regarding prioritization of claims made by individuals on the basis of
religious-based persecution within 100 days of the date of this order and shall
submit a second report within 200 days of the date of this order.
(g) It is the policy of the executive branch that, to the extent
permitted by law and as practicable, State and local jurisdictions be granted a
role in the process of determining the placement or settlement in their
jurisdictions of aliens eligible to be admitted to the United States as
refugees. To that end, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall examine
existing law to determine the extent to which, consistent with applicable law,
State and local jurisdictions may have greater involvement in the process of
determining the placement or resettlement of refugees in their jurisdictions,
and shall devise a proposal to lawfully promote such involvement.
Sec. 6.
Rescission of Exercise of Authority Relating to the Terrorism Grounds of
Inadmissibility. The
Secretaries of State and Homeland Security shall, in consultation with the
Attorney General, consider rescinding the exercises of authority in section 212
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182, relating to the terrorism grounds of
inadmissibility, as well as any related implementing memoranda.
Sec. 7. Expedited Completion of the Biometric Entry-Exit Tracking
System. (a) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall expedite the
completion and implementation of a biometric entry-exit tracking system for all
travelers to the United States, as recommended by the National Commission on
Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.
(b) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit to the President
periodic reports on the progress of the directive contained in subsection (a)
of this section. The initial report shall be submitted within 100 days of
the date of this order, a second report shall be submitted within 200 days of
the date of this order, and a third report shall be submitted within 365 days
of the date of this order. Further, the Secretary shall submit a report
every 180 days thereafter until the system is fully deployed and operational.
Sec. 8. Visa
Interview Security. (a) The Secretary of State shall
immediately suspend the Visa Interview Waiver Program and ensure compliance
with section 222 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1222, which requires that all
individuals seeking a nonimmigrant visa undergo an in-person interview, subject
to specific statutory exceptions.
(b) To the extent permitted by law and subject to the availability of
appropriations, the Secretary of State shall immediately expand the Consular
Fellows Program, including by substantially increasing the number of Fellows,
lengthening or making permanent the period of service, and making language
training at the Foreign Service Institute available to Fellows for assignment
to posts outside of their area of core linguistic ability, to ensure that
non-immigrant visa-interview wait times are not unduly affected.
Sec. 9. Visa
Validity Reciprocity. The Secretary
of State shall review all nonimmigrant visa reciprocity agreements to ensure
that they are, with respect to each visa classification, truly reciprocal
insofar as practicable with respect to validity period and fees, as required by
sections 221(c) and 281 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1201(c) and 1351, and other
treatment. If a country does not treat United States nationals seeking
nonimmigrant visas in a reciprocal manner, the Secretary of State shall adjust
the visa validity period, fee schedule, or other treatment to match the
treatment of United States nationals by the foreign country, to the extent
practicable.
Sec. 10.
Transparency and Data Collection. (a) To
be more transparent with the American people, and to more effectively
implement policies and practices that serve the national interest, the
Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Attorney General,
shall, consistent with applicable law and national security, collect and make
publicly available within 180 days, and every 180 days thereafter:
(i)
information regarding the number of foreign nationals in the United States who
have been charged with terrorism-related offenses while in the United States;
convicted of terrorism-related offenses while in the United States; or removed
from the United States based on terrorism-related activity, affiliation, or
material support to a terrorism-related organization, or any other national
security reasons since the date of this order or the last reporting period,
whichever is later;
(ii)
information regarding the number of foreign nationals in the United States who
have been radicalized after entry into the United States and engaged in
terrorism-related acts, or who have provided material support to
terrorism-related organizations in countries that pose a threat to the United
States, since the date of this order or the last reporting period, whichever is
later; and
(iii)
information regarding the number and types of acts of gender-based violence
against women, including honor killings, in the United States by foreign
nationals, since the date of this order or the last reporting period, whichever
is later; and
(iv)
any other information relevant to public safety and security as determined by
the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General, including
information on the immigration status of foreign nationals charged with major
offenses.
(b) The Secretary of State shall, within one year of the date of this
order, provide a report on the estimated long-term costs of the USRAP at the
Federal, State, and local levels.
Sec. 11. General
Provisions.
(a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise
affect:
(i)
the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head
thereof; or
(ii) the
functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to
budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and
subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or
benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any
party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its
officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
DONALD J. TRUMP
70.
45th
President Donald John Trump Sr. and defendant United States of America et al
having already RICO endeavor criminally targeted “PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro “Muslim Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya,
Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen”… and all being officially “Kidnapped” from
January 1st 1892 – Feburary 7th 2013 for exactly 121
since The first Ellis Island Immigration Station officially opens on January 1,
1892, as three large ships wait to land. Seven hundred immigrants passed
through
Ellis Island that day, and nearly 450,000 followed over the course of that first year, being some of
Ellis Island that day, and nearly 450,000 followed over the course of that first year, being some of
“Negro Race” tricked, trapped, and Imprisonment of there on self-doing
based on a front of false hood, in non-discloser the 13th and 14th Amendments
of The United States of America constitution is in existence’s and enforced on
behalf of Plaintiff(s) Negro Slaves herein when since 1892 (27) years after the “Civil
War” and precisely 121 years till
February 7th 2013 all “PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro “Muslim Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya,
Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen” among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives
matter” race Immigrants from other countries of foreign origin to the first
enter of defendant ports of “United States of America et al” starting point “Ellis
Island Immigration Station” and other “Immigration Station” up to the present
dates of 2013 within 121 years till February
7th 2013 to reside with legal
citizenship in
The jurisdiction of defendant United States of American being
The jurisdiction of defendant United States of American being
71.
“Negro” DNA race, Immigrants from
“Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen” have already been fully
deprive of the rights and privileges of actual legal citizenship in a continual
(RICO) scheme of “Slavery Servitude, Denaturalization for “Unjust Enrichments” scheme
of things official “PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro “Muslim Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya,
Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen” among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives
matter” race (secretly) abducted Negros Muslim immigrants , by the US
Immigration Services - US Citizenship & Green Card, being forced unknowingly
into “Slavery Servitude”, in violation of defendant own rules of governing laws
18 U.S.C. § 1589 (forced labor), 18 U.S.C. § 1590 (trafficking with
respect to peonage, slavery, involuntary servitude, or forced labor), for each
and every Negro race officially residing under immigration status since January
1st 1892 – February 7th 2013 “PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER
minorities, DNA Negro “Muslim Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalai, Sudan,
Syria, and Yemen” among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives matter” race “New Arrival” DNA Muslim Negro Plaintiffs residing
in (USA) January 1st 1892 – February 7th 2013, being fully stripped
from having any “Legal Citizenship” status, same as “White Only”, Americans,
pursuant to the Naturalization Act of 1790 of
defendant “United States of America” which restricted citizenship to "any alien, other than
being a free white person" who had been in the U.S. for two years. In
effect, it left out indentured servants, “PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro Race” “The [N]egroes slaves, it left out
72.
Also all “PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities,
DNA Negro “Muslim
Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen”
among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives matter” race and most women immigration
of all Negro Race being having already in the time frame of January 1st 1892 – February
7th 2013, entrances into United States of America the Muslim population in the United States According to a new
estimate in 2016, there are 3.3 million Muslims living in the
United States, about 1% of the total U.S. population totals, the majority of
whom
(63%) are immigrants, pursuant to the Naturalization
Act of 1790 of defendant “United
States of America” “PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities,
DNA Negro “Muslim
Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen”
among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives matter” race “New Arrival” DNA Muslim Negro Plaintiffs
residing in (USA) January 1st 1892 – February 7th 2013, being fully
stripped from having any “Legal Citizenship” status, and all
“PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities,
DNA Negro “Muslim
Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen”
among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives matter” race “New Arrival” DNA Muslim Negro Plaintiffs
residing in (USA) January 1st 1892 – February 7th 2013, are direct crimes
against humanity, being official Slavery Servitude subject DNA Negro “Muslim Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq,
Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen” and others’ of defendant
Donald John Trump Sr. 45th President United States of America et al,
defendant “United States of America et al” official “Slavery Servitude” timeline August
20th 1619 – February 7th 2013 upon the “exhibit H” attached
herein
Archivist of defendant “United States of
America et al “Charles A. Barth Director of the Federal Register”, acknowledge
receipt of Senate Concurrent Resolution Number 574 Resolution, adopted by the defendant
Mississippi Senate on February 16, 1995 and The Mississippi House of
Representatives on
March
16th 1995, as with this action, “Defendant”, The States of
Mississippi has ratified the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of
the defendant “United States of America et al” , and freeing the abducted 44.5 Million “PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER
minorities, DNA Negro also all
“PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities,
DNA Negro “Muslim
Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen”
among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives matter” race “New Arrival” DNA Muslim Negro Plaintiffs
residing in (USA) January 1st 1892 – February 7th 2013,, as after February 7th
2013 Also
all “PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro “Muslim Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq,
Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen” among all other Plaintiffs Negro
“black lives matter” race have no legal citizenship, as the 14th Amendment
was destroyed by “whites supremacy” slave traders, to maintain “Slavery against
even, all
“PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities,
DNA Negro “Muslim
Race” immigrants from “Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalai, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen”
among all other Plaintiffs Negro “black lives matter” race “New Arrival” DNA Muslim Negro
Plaintiffs residing in (USA) January 1st 1892 – February 7th 2013, According to a new estimate in 2016, there are 3.3
million Muslims living in the United States, about 1% of the total U.S.
population. American Muslims come from various backgrounds and, according to a
2009 Gallup poll, are one of the most
racially diverse religious groups in the United States.
73.
PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro
Race” herein furtherance’s
state, declare and affirm DNA From Earliest “PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro
“Muslim Race” immigrants “Muslim Graves” In France
Reveals North African Origins, Archaeologists have long known about
Arab-Muslim expansion throughout the Mediterranean region in the Middle Ages.
Reaching the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD, Arab armies and Muslim troops spread
into France, Spain, and Portugal
But while written records document this expansion,
archaeological and burial evidence of early PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro Race” Muslims past the
Pyrenees is basically non-existent. In a new study out today, a group of
researchers has published the first DNA evidence of people from PLAINTIFFS BLACK
LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro
Race” Muslim-style burials in Nîmes, France,
The burials were excavated in
2006 and 2007 by the French National Institute for Preventive Archaeology (INRAP) and were immediately recognized as peculiar. The
bodies had been placed into the graves on their right sides, facing southeast,
which is the direction of Mecca. The arms were straight at the side, while the
legs were either straight or crossed. "The burial practices and the
position of the bodies," archaeologist Yves
Gleize and colleagues write today in PLOS ONE, "clearly correspond to medieval and modern PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro Race” Muslim burial customs."In order to date
the burials, researchers radiocarbon dated five bone fragments, which gave them
a tight range of the 7th-8th centuries AD. "These dates," the authors
note, "suggest that the remains are the earliest Medieval PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro Race” Muslim graves known in
France," predating other known PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER
minorities, DNA Negro Race” Muslim graves by at least 400
years.
But this early date fits with historical
accounts of "Saracens"
taking the city of Nîmes between 719 and 752 AD.
More notably, all three skeletons
are male adults. None of them had an obvious cause of death, such as combat
injuries, but one had a wrist deformity mainly seen in PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro Race” African populations. In order to
examine the geographic origin of these individuals, the skeletons underwent
ancient DNA analysis. Complete mitochondrial genomes from all three men were
isolated, as well as partial Y-SNPs profiles. From this, the researchers were
able to find three distinct mtDNA haplotypes, which indicate maternal lineage
in Africa. Further, the paternal DNA appears to have come from the Mahgreb, a
term for western North Africa. Based on
DNA, archaeological evidence, and historical information, Gleize and colleagues
posit that these individuals buried in Nîmes "were Berbers integrated into
the [Umayyad] Arab army during its rapid expansion through North Africa."
But given the fact that Arab-Muslim expansion into Europe was prolonged and
intense, it is a bit surprising that more graves of this type have not been
found in the area. "Despite the low number of
PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA
Negro Race” Muslim graves discovered," they write, "we believe
that these observations provide strong evidence for either the establishment of
a garrison or a more long-term establishment of PLAINTIFFS BLACK LIVES MATTER
minorities, DNA Negro Race” Muslim communities
in Nîmes." Still, Gleize and
colleagues cannot be completely sure that these men buried in France were
originally from
PLAINTIFFS
BLACK LIVES MATTER minorities, DNA Negro Race” of North Africa themselves. The DNA shows their
ancestry but not their individual origins. Gleize tells me that "isotope
testing will be the next step for a future study to confirm their origin. For
the moment, we speak about the possibility of Berber origins, but it is possible
that one or more of them were born in the Iberian peninsula."
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