1927- Fred Trump is (22) and starting off in his
Ranking in The Knights of The Klu Klux Klansmen and being a secret party
thereof until made “Public Arrest” On
Memorial Day 1927, brawls erupted in New York led by sympathizers of the
Italian fascist movement and the Ku Klux Klan, arrested was Fred Trump of 175-24
Devonshire Rd. in Jamaica, This is Donald Trump Farther
By The 1953 Iranian coup d'état time frame Fred Trump
is (48), and (KKK) high ranking in Business and Political movement of “White Supremacy
forevermore whom is a Physically party in the Over throw the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime
Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh on 19 August 1953, fully masterminded by
the United States Knights of The Klu Klux Klansmen Republican Party President
of the United States Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower and backed by the
United Kingdom,
So the Time-line be understood concerning the “America
President: while the (Negro) being lie in the belief that Slavery was over as The Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
administrations (1921-1932) further alienated blacks from American politics,
refusing to endorse anything related to civil rights. President Harding
continued Wilson's policies of federal segregation, and his Justice department
did nothing to investigate lynchings or the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. 1927
Fred Trump being a Party to the typical lynching at (22), and Terrorism Gang
Warfare associated with the (KKK)
President Coolidge condoned the Republican ideal of a
"lily white" party, further alienating black Americans, and declared
that the federal government should not interfere with local race issues.
The complicity of Republicans and Democrats on race
was complete. President Hoover excluded blacks from federal offices and
executive departments, and his administration would not allow blacks to work on
federal construction jobs, The administration of Democratic President Franklin
D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) was initially a continuation of the "gentleman's
agreement" within the Democratic party that Northern Democrats would not
interfere in race issues on the behalf of black Americans.
To ensure the
passage of New Deal legislation, Roosevelt could not afford to offend Southern
Democrats by challenging the white supremacist system of Jim Crow. Roosevelt
did not publicly support civil rights for blacks, and his administration was
silent on the issue until the late 1930s, when the First Lady, Eleanor
Roosevelt, began to speak up on behalf of black Americans. Without her
persistent influence, the goals of civil rights and New Deal legislation would
never have converged.
The attack on Pearl Harbor
(1941) had a unifying effect on the United States, creating a national attitude
in favor of ensuring freedom for people all over the world, including at home.
A. Philip Randolph, a black leader and coordinator of the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters, threatened to organize a March on Washington, D.C. if
Roosevelt did not do something to curb the discriminatory hiring practices of
the National Defense Program. To avoid the embarrassment of a racial protest in
the nation's capital,
Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, which
established the Fair Employment Practices Committee and mandated race-blind
hiring by defense organizations. This change in attitude, influenced by Eleanor
Roosevelt, the Pearl Harbor attack, and America's economic recovery during the
War, allowed Roosevelt to implement more civil rights assistance for blacks.
President Harry Truman (1945-1953), though largely
uninterested in an interracial society, issued Executive Orders 9980 and 9981,
which ensured equal treatment for blacks in federal jobs and integrated the
military forces, respectively. Truman was horrified to learn of brutal lynchings
that were continuing in the South, and this influenced him to become the first
U.S. President to address the NAACP and to make strong public statements on
behalf of civil rights for black Americans. At the 1948 Democratic National
Convention, Truman endorsed a strong civil rights platform, confirming the
shift of the Democratic party from a Southern, white supremacist organization
to a predominantly Northern, liberal party. Southern Democrats
(self-termed as
Dixiecrats) were so offended by the integration of the party that some walked
out of the convention, led by Strom Thurmond. Though Truman was limited in his
actual support of blacks, he strongly believed that the role of the federal
government was to protect its citizens, of all races.
President John F. Kennedy (1961-63) was more openly
supportive of black civil rights leaders than his predecessors, and appointed
several blacks to government posts. He created a Committee on Equal Employment
Opportunity, chaired by then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, to monitor
government agencies' efforts to hire and promote blacks. President Kennedy's
appointment of his brother, Robert F. Kennedy,
as U.S. Attorney General
facilitated action by the Justice Department in prosecuting those that
attempted to deprive blacks of their voting rights. President Kennedy addressed
the nation on television in 1963 to confront the issue of racial discrimination
and emphasized the commitment of all three branches of the federal government
in supporting civil rights, the strongest statement made by a President in
several administrations.
President
Lyndon B. Johnson was the most effective in the fight to end Jim Crow.
President Johnson had a long history of working towards civil rights for
blacks, having also worked towards the passage of the less effective Civil
Rights Act of 1957.
Johnson had become more personally committed to the cause
of civil rights, and the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 strengthened
his resolve to realize the ideals set forth by the administration. He worked
tirelessly to ensure the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting
Rights Act of 1965, rendering all Jim Crow statutes illegal. Nearly a hundred
years after 14th and 15th Amendments were passed, all citizens, regardless of
race, could reap the benefits.
all Republicans underwent some kind of zombie-like
transformation into racist bigots, even though the Republicans had steadfastly
fought for black's civil rights for years up to then.
President Eisenhower
only reluctantly forced Arkansas to desegregate the schools in Little Rock in
1957, and only because he was forced by the Supreme Court against his will,
while back in The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, (KKK) Republican Party over throw
Iran Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh on 19 August
1953, to have coup 53 of Iran is the CIA's (Central Intelligence Agency) first
successful overthrow of a foreign government.
But a copy of
the agency's secret history of the coup has surfaced, revealing the inner
workings of a plot that set the stage for the Islamic revolution in 1979, and
for a generation of anti-American hatred in one of the Middle East's most
powerful countries. The document, which remains classified, discloses the
pivotal role British intelligence officials played in initiating and planning
the coup, and it shows that Washington and London shared an interest in
maintaining the West's control over Iranian oil.
Dr. Donald N. Wilber, a CIA spy, with the cover of
archeologist and authority on ancient Persia,
who planned the coup in Iran along with British SIS
officer Norman Darbyshire.
The secret history, written by the CIA's chief coup
planner, says the operation's success was mostly a matter of chance. The document
shows that the agency had almost complete contempt for the man it was
empowering, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. And it recounts, for the first time,
the agency's badly tried to seduce and force the shah into taking part in his
own coup.
The operation,
code-named TP-AJAX, was the blueprint for a succession of CIA plots to foment
coups and destabilize governments during the cold war - including the agency's
successful coup in Guatemala in 1954 and the disastrous Cuban intervention
known as the Bay of Pigs in 1961. In more than one instance, such operations
led to the same kind of long-term animosity toward the United States that
occurred in Iran.
The history
says agency officers orchestrating the Iran coup worked directly with royalist
Iranian military officers, handpicked the prime minister's replacement, sent a
stream of envoys to bolster the shah's courage, directed a campaign of bombings
by Iranians posing as members of the Communist Party, and planted articles and
editorial cartoons in newspapers.
But on the
night set for Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq's overthrow, almost nothing went
according to the meticulously drawn plans, the secret history says. In fact,
CIA officials were poised to flee the country when several Iranian officers
recruited by the agency, acting on their own, took command of a pro-shah
demonstration in Tehran and seized the government.
Two days after
the coup, the history discloses, agency officials funneled $5 million to Iran
to help the government they had installed consolidate power.
Dr. Donald N.
Wilber, an expert in Persian architecture, who as one of the leading planners
believed that covert operatives had much to learn from history, wrote the
secret history, along with operational assessments in March 1954.
In less
expansive memoirs published in 1986, Dr. Wilber asserted that the Iran coup was
different from later CIA efforts. Its American planners, he said, had stirred
up considerable unrest in Iran, giving Iranians a clear choice between
instability and supporting the shah. The move to oust the prime minister, he
wrote, thus gained substantial popular support.
Dr. Wilber's
memoirs were heavily censored by the agency, but he was allowed to refer to the
existence of his secret history. "If this history had been read by the
planners of the Bay of Pigs," he wrote, "there would have been no
such operation."
"From time
to time," he continued, "I gave talks on the operation to various
groups within the agency, and, in hindsight, one might wonder why no one from
the Cuban desk ever came or read the history."
The coup was a
turning point in modern Iranian history and remains a persistent irritant in
Tehran-Washington relations. It consolidated the power of the shah, who ruled
with an iron hand for 26 more years in close contact with the United States. He
was toppled by Iranian Revolution of 1979. Later that year, "Students of
Imam Line" went to the American Embassy, took diplomats hostage and
declared that they had unmasked a "nest of spies" who had been
manipulating Iran for decades.
The Islamic
government of Ayatollah Khomeini supported terrorist attacks against American
interests largely because of the long American history of supporting the shah's
suppressive regime. Even under more moderate rulers, many Iranians still resent
the United States' role in the coup and its support of the shah.
Former US
Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright, in an address, acknowledged the
coup's pivotal role in the troubled relationship and came closer to apologizing
than any American official ever has before.
"The
Eisenhower administration believed its actions were justified for strategic
reasons," she said. "But the coup was clearly a setback for Iran's
political development. And it is easy to see now why many Iranians continue to
resent this intervention by America in their internal affairs."
The history
spells out the calculations to which Dr. Albright referred in her speech.
Britain, it says, initiated the plot in 1952. The Truman administration
rejected it, but President Eisenhower approved it shortly after taking office
in 1953, because of fears about oil and Communism.
The document
pulls few punches, acknowledging at one point that the agency baldly lied to
its British allies. Dr. Wilber reserves his most withering asides for the
agency's local allies, referring to "the recognized incapacity of Iranians
to plan or act in a thoroughly logical manner."
Shah with General Fazlollah Zahdei (right), spearhead of CIA
planned coup of 1953 in favor of Shah Britain Fights Oil Nationalism
The coup had its
roots in a British showdown with Iran, restive under decades of near-colonial
British domination.
The prize was
Iran's oil fields. Britain occupied Iran in World War II to protect a supply
route to its ally, the Soviet Union, and to prevent the oil from falling into
the hands of the Nazis - ousting the shah's father, whom it regarded as
unmanageable. It retained control over Iran's oil after the war through the
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.
In 1951, Iran's
Parliament voted to nationalize the oil industry, and legislators backing the
law elected its leading advocate, Dr. Mosaddeq, as prime minister. Britain
responded with threats and sanctions.
Dr. Mosaddeq, a
European-educated lawyer then in his early 70's, prone to tears and outbursts,
refused to back down. In meetings in November and December 1952, the secret
history says, British intelligence officials startled their American
counterparts with a plan for a joint operation to oust the nettlesome prime
minister.
The Americans,
who "had not intended to discuss this question at all," agreed to
study it, the secret history says. It had attractions. Anti-Communism had risen
to a fever pitch in Washington, and officials were worried that Iran might fall
under the sway of the Soviet Union, a historical presence there.
In March 1953,
an unexpected development pushed the plot forward: the CIA's Tehran station
reported that an Iranian general had approached the American Embassy about
supporting an army-led coup.
The newly
inaugurated Eisenhower administration was intrigued. The coalition that elected
Dr. Mosaddeq was splintering, and the Iranian Communist Party, the Tudeh, had
become active.
Allen W.
Dulles, the director of central intelligence, approved $1 million on April 4 to
be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mosaddeq," the
history says.
"The aim
was to bring to power a government which would reach an equitable oil
settlement, enabling Iran to become economically sound and financially solvent,
and which would vigorously prosecute the dangerously strong Communist
Party."
Within days
agency officials identified a high-ranking officer, Gen. Fazlollah Zahedi, as
the man to spearhead a coup. Their plan called for the shah to play a leading
role.
"A
shah-General Zahedi combination, supported by CIA local assets and financial
backing, would have a good chance of overthrowing Mosaddeq," officials
wrote, "particularly if this combination should be able to get the largest
mobs in the streets and if a sizable portion of the Tehran garrison refused to
carry out Mosaddeq's orders."
But according
to the history, planners had doubts about whether the shah could carry out such
a bold operation.
His family had
seized Iran's throne just 32 years earlier, when his powerful father led a coup
of his own. But the young shah, agency officials wrote, was "by nature a
creature of indecision, beset by formless doubts and fears," often at odds
with his family, including Princess Ashraf, his "forceful and scheming twin
sister."
Also, the shah
had what the CIA termed a "pathological fear" of British intrigues, a
potential obstacle to a joint operation.
In May 1953 the
agency sent Dr. Wilber to Cyprus to meet Norman Darbyshire, chief of the Iran
branch of British intelligence, to make initial coup plans. Assuaging the fears
of the shah was high on their agenda; a document from the meeting said he was
to be persuaded that the United States and Britain "consider the oil
question secondary."
The
conversation at the meeting turned to a touchy subject, the identity of key
agents inside Iran. The British said they had recruited two brothers named
Rashidian. The Americans, the secret history discloses, did not trust the
British and lied about the identity of their best "assets" inside
Iran.
CIA officials
were divided over whether the plan drawn up in Cyprus could work. The Tehran
station warned headquarters that the "the shah would not act decisively
against Mosaddeq." And it said General Zahedi, the man picked to lead the
coup, "appeared lacking in drive, energy and concrete plans."
Despite the
doubts, the agency's Tehran station began disseminating "gray
propaganda," passing out anti-Mosaddeq cartoons in the streets and
planting unflattering articles in the local press, CIA and Moscow Are Both
Surprised
But just as the Americans were ready to quit, the mood
on the streets of Tehran shifted. On the morning of Aug. 19, several Tehran
papers published the shah's long-awaited decrees, and soon pro-shah crowds were
building in the streets.
"They
needed only leadership," the secret history says. And Iranian agents of
the CIA provided it. Without specific orders, a journalist who was one of the
agency's most important Iranian agents led a crowd toward Parliament, inciting
people to set fire to the offices of a newspaper owned by Dr. Mosaddeq's
foreign minister. Another Iranian CIA agent led a crowd to sack the offices of
pro-Tudeh papers.
"The news
that something quite startling was happening spread at great speed throughout
the city," the history states.
The CIA tried
to exploit the situation, sending urgent messages that the Rashidian brothers
and two key American agents should "swing the security forces to the side
of the demonstrators."
But things were
now moving far too quickly for the agency to manage. An Iranian Army colonel
who had been involved in the plot several days earlier suddenly appeared
outside Parliament with a tank, while members of the now-disbanded Imperial
Guard seized trucks and drove through the streets. "By 10:15 there were
pro-shah truckloads of military personnel at all the main squares," the
secret history says.
By noon the
crowds began to receive direct leadership from a few officers involved in the
plot and some who had switched sides. Within an hour the central telegraph office
fell, and telegrams were sent to the provinces urging a pro-shah uprising.
After a brief shootout, police headquarters and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
fell as well.
The Tehran
radio remained the biggest prize. With the government's fate uncertain, it was
broadcasting a program on cotton prices. But by early afternoon a mass of
civilians, army officers and policemen overwhelmed it. Pro-shah speakers went
on the air, broadcasting the coup's success and reading the royal decrees.
At the embassy,
CIA officers were elated, and Mr. Roosevelt got General Zahedi out of hiding.
An army officer found a tank and drove him to the radio station, where he spoke
to the nation.
Dr. Mosaddeq
and other government officials were rounded up, while officers supporting
General Zahedi placed "known supporters of TP-AJAX" in command of all
units of the Tehran garrison.
The Soviet
Union was caught completely off-guard. Even as the Mosaddeq government was
falling, the Moscow radio was broadcasting a story on "the failure of the
American adventure in Iran."
But CIA
headquarters was as surprised as Moscow. When news of the coup's success
arrived, it "seemed to be a bad joke, in view of the depression that still
hung on from the day before," the history says.
Throughout the
day, Washington got most of its information from news agencies, receiving only
two cablegrams from the station. Mr. Roosevelt later explained that if he had
told headquarters what was going on, "London and Washington would have
thought they were crazy and told them to stop immediately," the history
states.
Still, the CIA
took full credit inside the government. The following year it overthrew the
government of Guatemala, and a myth developed that the agency could topple
governments anywhere in the world.
Iran proved
that third world king making could be heady. "It was a day that should
never have ended," the CIA's secret history said, describing Aug. 19,
1953. "For it carried with it such a sense of excitement, of satisfaction
and of jubilation that it is doubtful whether any other can come up to
it."
Except for Reza Shah Pahlavi founder of modern Iran
and Ayatollah Rouhollah Khomeini, father of its revolution, no leader has left
a deeper mark on Iran's 20th century landscape than Mohammad Mosaddeq. And no
20th century event has fuelled Iran's suspicion of the United States as his
overthrow has.
An eccentric
European-educated lawyer whose father was a bureaucrat and whose mother
descended from Persian kings, Dr. Mosaddeq served as a minister and governor
before he opposed Reza Shah's accession in the 1920's.
He was
imprisoned and then put under house arrest at his estate in the walled village
of Ahmadabad west of Tehran. Eventually he bought the village, growing crops,
founding an elementary school and beginning a public health project.
When Britain
and Russia forced Reza Shah from power in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi, in 1941, Dr. Mosaddeq became a member of Parliament. He was hailed as
a hero for his fiery speeches on the evils of British control of Iran's oil
industry.
In 1951, when
Parliament voted to nationalize the industry, the young shah, recognizing the
nationalists' popularity, appointed Dr. Mosaddeq prime minister.
In that job he
became a prisoner of his own nationalism, unable to reach an oil compromise.
Even as the British negotiated with Iran, they won the support of the major oil
companies in imposing an effective global boycott on Iranian oil.
Still, in the
developing world Dr. Mosaddeq became an icon of anti-imperialism. He was
revered despite his odd mannerisms, which included conducting business in bed
in grey woollen pyjamas, weeping publicly and complaining perpetually of poor
health.
He amassed
power. When the shah refused his demand for control of the armed forces in
1952, Dr. Mosaddeq resigned, only to be reinstated in the face of popular
riots.
He then
displayed a streak of authoritarianism, bypassing Parliament by conducting a
national referendum to win approval for its dissolution. Meanwhile, the United
States became alarmed at the strength of Iran's Communist Party, which
supported Dr. Mosaddeq.
In August 1953,
a dismissal attempt by the shah sent Dr. Mosaddeq's followers into the streets.
The shah fled, amid fears in the new Eisenhower administration that Iran might
move too close to Moscow.
Yet Dr.
Mosaddeq did not promote the interests of the Communists, though he drew on
their support. Paradoxically, the party turned from him in the end because it
viewed him as insufficiently committed and too close to the United States. By
the time the royalist coup overthrew him after a few chaotic days, he had
alienated many landowners, clerics and merchants.
After a trial, he served three years in prison and
ended up under house arrest at his estate. In March 1967, in his mid-80's and
weakened by radium treatments for throat cancer, he died.
When the
revolution brought the clerics to power in 1979, anti-shah nationalists tried
to revive Dr. Mosaddeq's memory. A Tehran thoroughfare called Pahlavi Avenue
was renamed Mosaddeq Avenue.
But Ayatollah
Khomeini saw him as a promoter not of Islam but of Persian nationalism, and
envied his popularity. So Mosaddeq Avenue became Vali Asr, after the revered
Hidden Imam, whose reappearance someday, Shiite Muslims believe, will establish
the perfect Islamic political community. Still, even Ayatollah Khomeini was
careful not to go too far. Ignoring Dr. Mosaddeq, rather than excoriating him,
became the rule.
Two decades
later, the Mosaddeq cult has been revitalized by resurgent nationalism and
frustration with the strictures of Islam. Dr. Mosaddeq inspires the young, who
long for heroes and have not necessarily found them, either in clerics or
kings.
In campaigns
for local elections in February 1999 and parliamentary elections a year later,
reformist advertising made use of Dr. Mosaddeq's sad, elongated face. And every
year since his death, his supporters have rallied at his estate.
His legacy
still stirs considerable debate. In August, Parliament approved a bill to
abolish a holiday marking the nationalization of the oil industry in 1951. The
decision set off protests in the press "Alas! Parliament ignored the most
apparent symbol of the struggle of the Iranian people throughout history
against colonialism," the reformist daily Khordad said. In November,
legislators were forced to reinstate the holiday.
Central Intelligence Agency officials plotting the
1953 coup in Iran hoped to plant articles in American newspapers saying Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's return resulted from a home-grown revolt against a
Communist-leaning government, internal agency documents show.
Those hopes
were largely disappointed. The CIA's history of the coup shows that its
operatives had only limited success in manipulating American reporters and that
none of the Americans covering the coup worked for the agency.
An analysis of
the press coverage shows that American journalists filed straightforward,
factual dispatches that prominently mentioned the role of Iran's Communists in
street violence leading up to the coup. Western correspondents in Iran and
Washington never reported that some of the unrest had been stage-managed by CIA
agents posing as Communists. And they gave little emphasis to accurate
contemporaneous reports in Iranian newspapers and on the Moscow radio asserting
that Western powers were secretly arranging the shah's return to power.
It was just
eight years after the end of World War II, which left American journalists with
a sense of national interest framed by six years of confrontation between the
Allies and the Axis. The front pages of Western newspapers were dominated by
articles about the new global confrontation with the Soviet Union, about
Moscow's prowess in developing nuclear weapons and about Congressional
allegations of "Red" influence in Washington.
In one
instance, the history indicates, the CIA was apparently able to use contacts at
The Associated Press to put on the news wire a statement from Tehran about
royal decrees that the CIA itself had written. But mostly, the agency relied on
less direct means to exploit the media.
The Iran desk
of the State Department, the document says, was able to place a CIA study in
Newsweek, "using the normal channel of desk officer to journalist."
The article was one of several planted press reports that, when reprinted in
Tehran, fed the "war of nerves" against Iran's prime minister,
Mohammad Mosaddeq.
The history
says the Iran operation exposed the agency's shortcomings in manipulating the
American press. The CIA "lacked contacts capable of placing material so
that the American publisher was unwitting as to its source."
The history
discloses that a CIA officer, working under cover as the embassy's press
officer, drove two American reporters to a house outside Tehran where they were
shown the shah's decrees dismissing the prime minister.
Kennett Love,
the New York Times reporter in Tehran during the coup, wrote about the royal
decrees in the newspaper the next day, without mentioning how he had seen them.
In an interview, he said he had agreed to the embassy official's ground rules
that he should not report the American role in arranging the trip.
Mr. Love said
he did not know at the time that the official worked for the CIA. After the
coup succeeded, Mr. Love did in one article briefly refer to Iranian press
reports of American involvement, and The New York Times also published an
article from Moscow reporting Soviet charges that the United States was behind
the coup. But neither The Times nor other American news organizations appear to
have examined such charges seriously.
In a 1960 paper
he wrote while studying at Princeton University, Mr. Love explained that he
"was responsible, in an impromptu sort of way, for speeding the final
victory of the royalists."
Seeing a
half-dozen tanks parked in front of Tehran's radio station, he said, "I
told the tank commanders that a lot of people were getting killed trying to
storm Dr. Mosaddeq's house and that they would be of some use instead of
sitting idle at the radio station." He added, "They took their
machines in a body to Kakh Avenue and put the three tanks at Dr. Mosaddeq's
house out of action."
Mr. Love, who
left The New York Times in 1962, said in an interview that he had urged the
tanks into action "because I wanted to stop the bloodshed."
Months
afterward, Mr. Love says, he was told by Robert C. Doty, then Cairo bureau
chief and his boss, of evidence of American involvement in the coup.
But Mr. Doty,
who died in 1974, did not write about the matter, and by the summer of 1954,
Mr. Love decided to tell the New York office what he knew. In a July 26, 1954,
letter to Emanuel R. Freedman, then the foreign editor, Mr. Love wrote,
"The only instance since I joined The Times in which I have allowed policy
to influence a strict news approach was in failing to report the role our own
agents played in the overthrow of Mosaddeq."
Mr. Love said
he had hoped that the foreign editor would order him to pursue the subject. But
he never received any response, he said.
"I wanted
to let Freedman know that I knew there had been U.S. involvement in the coup,
but that I hadn't written about it," he said. "I expected him to say,
'Jump on that story.' But there was no response." Mr. Freedman died in
1971.
'Gentleman Spy'
Donald Wilber,
who planned the coup in Iran and wrote its secret history, was old-school CIA,
a Princetonian and a Middle East architecture expert who fit neatly into the
mold of the "gentleman spy."
Years of
wandering through Middle Eastern architectural sites gave him the perfect cover
for a clandestine life. By 1953, he was an obvious choice as the operation's
strategist.
The coup was
the high point of his life as a spy. Although he would excel in academia, at
the agency being part-time was a handicap. "I never requested promotion,
and was given only one, after the conclusion of AJAX," Dr. Wilber wrote of
the Iran operation.
On his last
day, "I was ushered down to the lobby by a young secretary, turned over my
badge to her and left." He added, "This treatment rankled for some
time. I did deserve the paperweight."
Donald Wilber
died in 1997 at 89
Key Point 1953 Coup CIA
and KGB Moscow Are Both involved in the Over throw of Iran,
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